The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury 1801-1885

Paternal Family Tree: Cooper

Maternal Family Tree: Elizabeth Sheppard 1617

In 1796 [his father] Cropley Ashley-Cooper 6th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 27] and [his mother] Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury [aged 23] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] George Spencer 4th Duke of Marlborough [aged 56] and [his grandmother] Caroline Russell Duchess of Marlborough [aged 52]. He the son of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 4th Earl Shaftesbury and Mary Bouverie Countess Shaftesbury [aged 65]. They were third cousin twice removed.

On 28th April 1801 Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury was born to [his father] Cropley Ashley-Cooper 6th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 32] and [his mother] Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury [aged 28].

On 14th May 1811 [his uncle] Anthony Ashley-Cooper 5th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 49] died. His brother [his father] Cropley [aged 42] succeeded 6th Earl Shaftesbury, 6th Baron Ashley of Wimborne St Giles, 7th Baronet Cooper of Rockbourne in Southampton. [his mother] Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury [aged 38] by marriage Countess Shaftesbury.

On 10th June 1830 Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 29] and Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury were married. She the daughter of Peter Nassau Clavering-Cowper 5th Earl Cowper [aged 52] and Emily Lamb Countess Cowper [aged 43]. He the son of Cropley Ashley-Cooper 6th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 61] and Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury [aged 57].

On 27th June 1831 [his son] Anthony Ashley-Cooper 8th Earl Shaftesbury was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 30] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury. He married 22nd August 1857 Harriet Augusta Anna Seymourina Chichester Countess Shaftesbury, daughter of George Chichester 3rd Marquess Donegal and Harriet Anne Butler Marchioness Donegal, and had issue.

In 1833 [his brother-in-law] George Augustus Frederick Cowper 6th Earl Cowper [aged 26] and Ann Florence Robinson Countess Cowper [aged 27] were married. She by marriage Countess Cowper. She the daughter of Thomas de Grey 2nd Earl de Grey [aged 51] and Henrietta Cole Countess de Grey [aged 48]. He the son of [his father-in-law] Peter Nassau Clavering-Cowper 5th Earl Cowper [aged 54] and [his mother-in-law] Emily Lamb Countess Cowper [aged 45].

On 13th March 1833 [his son] Anthony Francis Henry Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 31] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 22nd July 1835 [his son] Anthony Maurice William Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 34] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 24th July 1836 [his son] Anthony Evelyn Melbourne Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 35] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury. He married (1) 28th July 1866 his third cousin once removed Sybella Charlotte Farquhar, daughter of Walter Rockliffe Farquhar 3rd Baronet and Mary Octavia Somerset Lady Farquhar, and had issue (2) 30th June 1891 Alice Elizabeth Cole, daughter of William Willoughby Cole 3rd Earl Enniskillen and Jane Casamaijor Countess Enniskillen.

On 21st June 1837 [his father-in-law] Peter Nassau Clavering-Cowper 5th Earl Cowper [aged 59] died. His son [his brother-in-law] George [aged 30] succeeded 6th Earl Cowper, 5th Baron Cowper of Wingham in Kent, 7th Baronet Cowper of Ratling Court in Kent.

Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.

In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.

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On 23rd September 1837 [his daughter] Victoria Elizabeth Ashley-Cooper Baroness Templemore was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 36] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury. She married 8th January 1873 her fifth cousin Harry Chichester 2nd Baron Templemore, son of Arthur Chichester 1st Baron Templemore and Augusta Paget Baroness Templemore, and had issue.

On 7th September 1838 [his son] Anthony Lionel George Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 37] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 25th July 1842 [his daughter] Mary Charlotte Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 41] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 29th November 1845 [his daughter] Constance Emily Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 44] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 1st February 1847 [his daughter] Edith Florence Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 45] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 13th May 1849 [his son] Anthony Francis Henry Ashley-Cooper [aged 16] died.

On 8th August 1849 [his son] Anthony Cecil Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 48] and [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

On 19th August 1855 [his son] Anthony Maurice William Ashley-Cooper [aged 20] died.

On 15th April 1856 [his brother-in-law] George Augustus Frederick Cowper 6th Earl Cowper [aged 49] died. His son Francis [aged 21] succeeded 7th Earl Cowper, 6th Baron Cowper of Wingham in Kent, 8th Baronet Cowper of Ratling Court in Kent.

On 22nd August 1857 Anthony Ashley-Cooper 8th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 26] and Harriet Augusta Anna Seymourina Chichester Countess Shaftesbury were married. She the daughter of George Chichester 3rd Marquess Donegal [aged 60] and Harriet Anne Butler Marchioness Donegal [aged 58]. He the son of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 56] and Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury.

William of Worcester's Chronicle of England

William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.

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On 3rd September 1861 [his daughter] Mary Charlotte Ashley-Cooper [aged 19] died.

1862 Appointment of Garter Knights

In 1862 Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom [aged 42] appointed seven Knights of the Garter:

729th Charles Canning 1st Earl Canning [aged 49]. He died a month later.

730th Edward Adolphus Seymour 12th Duke of Somerset [aged 57].

731st. John Russell 1st Earl Russell [aged 69].

732nd Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 60].

733rd William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 6th and 4th Earl Fitzwilliam [aged 46].

734th Prince Louis Hesse Darmstadt IV Grand Duke [aged 24].

735th Grand Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Strelitz [aged 42].

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In 1865 [his mother] Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury [aged 92] died.

On 28th July 1866 Anthony Evelyn Melbourne Ashley-Cooper [aged 30] and Sybella Charlotte Farquhar [aged 20] were married. He the son of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 65] and Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury. They were third cousin once removed.

On 16th September 1872 [his daughter] Constance Emily Ashley-Cooper [aged 26] died.

On 15th October 1872 [his wife] Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury died.

On 8th January 1873 [his son-in-law] Harry Chichester 2nd Baron Templemore [aged 51] and Victoria Elizabeth Ashley-Cooper Baroness Templemore [aged 35] were married at St George's Church, Hanover Square. She by marriage Baroness Templemore of Templemore in Donegal. She the daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 71] and Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper Countess Shaftesbury. They were fifth cousins.

Around 1877. John Collier [aged 26]. Portrait of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 75].

Before 5th October 1878 Francis Grant [aged 75]. Portrait of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 77].

On 1st October 1885 Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury [aged 84] died. His son Anthony [aged 54] succeeded 8th Earl Shaftesbury, 8th Baron Ashley of Wimborne St Giles, 9th Baronet Cooper of Rockbourne in Southampton. Harriet Augusta Anna Seymourina Chichester Countess Shaftesbury by marriage Countess Shaftesbury.

Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury 1801-1885 appears on the following Descendants Family Trees:

Royal Ancestors of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury 1801-1885

Kings Wessex: Great x 22 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 18 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 24 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 19 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 22 Grand Son of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 10 Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Great x 21 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland

Kings Franks: Great x 28 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Kings France: Great x 13 Grand Son of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 26 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Ancestors of Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury 1801-1885

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Cooper 1st Baronet

Great x 3 Grandfather: Anthony Ashley-Cooper 1st Earl Shaftesbury

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Ashley Lady Cooper

Great x 2 Grandfather: Anthony Ashley-Cooper 2nd Earl Shaftesbury 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: David Cecil 3rd Earl Exeter 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Cecil 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Egerton Countess Exeter 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandfather: Anthony Ashley-Cooper 3rd Earl Shaftesbury 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: George Manners 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Manners 8th Earl of Rutland 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Grace Pierrepont 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Dorothy Manners Countess Shaftesbury 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Montagu 1st Baron Montagu 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Montagu Countess Rutland 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Cotton 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

GrandFather: Anthony Ashley-Cooper 4th Earl Shaftesbury 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Ewer of Bushey Hall in Hertfordshire

Great x 1 Grandmother: Jane Ewer Countess Shafetsbury 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Montagu 1st Earl Manchester 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: James Montagu 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Spencer

Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Montagu 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Baynard

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Baynard

Great x 4 Grandmother: Ursula Stapleton

Father: Cropley Ashley-Cooper 6th Earl Shaftesbury 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Edward des Bouverie

Great x 2 Grandfather: William des Bouverie 1st Baronet

Great x 4 Grandfather: Jacob de la Forterie

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne de la Foterie

Great x 1 Grandfather: Jacob Bouverie 1st Viscount Folkestone

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Urry of Mill Place, Isle of Wight

Great x 3 Grandfather: David Urry

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Urry Lady Bouverie

GrandMother: Mary Bouverie Countess Shaftesbury

Great x 2 Grandfather: Bartholemew Clarke

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Clarke

Anthony Ashley-Cooper 7th Earl Shaftesbury 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Spencer 1st Earl of Sunderland 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry IV of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Spencer 2nd Earl of Sunderland 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Dorothy Sidney Countess Sunderland 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Charles Spencer 3rd Earl of Sunderland 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: George Digby 2nd Earl Bristol 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Digby Countess Sunderland 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Russell Countess Bristol 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Charles Spencer 3rd Duke of Marlborough 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Winston Churchill

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Churchill 1st Duke of Marlborough 14 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Drake 13 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Churchill Countess Sunderland 15 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard Jennings

Great x 3 Grandmother: Sarah Jennings Duchess of Marlborough

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Thornhurst

GrandFather: George Spencer 4th Duke of Marlborough 12 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Trevor

Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Trevor 1st Baron Trevor Bromham

Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Trevor 2nd Baron Trevor Bromham

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Searle

Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Trevor Duchess of Marlborough

Mother: Anne Spencer-Churchill Countess Shaftesbury 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Russell 1st Duke Bedford 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Russell 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Carr Countess of Bedford 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Wriothesley Russell 2nd Duke Bedford 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry IV of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Wriothesley 4th Earl of Southampton 2nd Earl Chichester 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry IV of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Rachel Wriothesley 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry IV of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Rachel Massue Countess Southampton

Great x 1 Grandfather: John Russell 4th Duke Bedford 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry IV of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Howland

Great x 2 Grandmother: Elizabeth Howland Duchess Bedford

Great x 4 Grandfather: Josiah Child

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Child

GrandMother: Caroline Russell Duchess of Marlborough 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Leveson-Gower 4th Baronet 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Leveson-Gower 1st Baron Gower 12 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Jane Granville Baroness Gower

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Leveson-Gower 1st Earl Gower 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Manners 1st Duke Rutland 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Catherine Manners Baroness Gower 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Noel Duchess Rutland 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 1 Grandmother: Gertrude Leveson-Gower Duchess Bedford 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Pierrepont 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Evelyn Pierrepont 1st Duke Kingston upon Hull 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Evelyn

Great x 2 Grandmother: Evelyn Pierrepont Baroness Gower 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Feilding 2nd Earl Desmond 3rd Earl Denbigh 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Fielding Countess Kingston upon Hull 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Carey Countess Desmond and Denbigh 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England