Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Paternal Family Tree: Brudenell
On 17th February 1761 [his father] Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 31] and [his mother] Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury [aged 28] were married. She by marriage Countess Ailesbury. He the son of [his grandfather] George Brudenell 3rd Earl Cardigan and [his grandmother] Elizabeth Bruce 3rd Countess Cardigan.
On 14th February 1773 Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury was born to [his father] Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 43] and [his mother] Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury [aged 40].
In June 1776 [his father] Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 47] was created 1st Earl Ailesbury. [his step-mother] Anne Elizabeth Rawdon Countess Ailesbury [aged 23] by marriage Countess Ailesbury.
On 4th February 1783 [his mother] Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury [aged 50] died.
On 14th February 1788 [his father] Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 58] and [his step-mother] Anne Elizabeth Rawdon Countess Ailesbury [aged 35] were married. The difference in their ages was 23 years. She the daughter of John Rawdon 1st Earl Moira [aged 67] and Elizabeth Hastings Countess Moira [aged 56]. He the son of [his grandfather] George Brudenell 3rd Earl Cardigan and [his grandmother] Elizabeth Bruce 3rd Countess Cardigan. They were fourth cousin twice removed.
On 10th April 1793 Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 20] and Henrietta Maria Hill were married in Florence, Tuscany. He the son of Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 63] and Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury.
On 10th May 1794 [his daughter] Charlotte Henrietta Brudenell was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 21] and [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill at Florence, Tuscany.
In 1795 [his daughter] Augusta Frederica Brudenell was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 21] and [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill. She married 23rd November 1826 her first cousin once removed Frederick William Thomas Vernon Wentworth and had issue.
On 20th November 1804 [his son] George William Frederick Brudenell 2nd Marquess Ailesbury was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 31] and [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill. He married 11th May 1837 his half fifth cousin once removed Mary Herbert Marchioness Ailesbury, daughter of George Augustus Herbert 11th Earl Pembroke 8th Earl Montgomery and Yekaterina Semyonovna Vorontsova Countess Pembroke and Montgomery.
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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In 1807 [his daughter] Elizabeth Brudenell was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 33] and [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill. She married Christian Danneskiold Samsøe and had issue.
On 8th January 1811 [his son] Ernest Brudenell-Bruce 3rd Marquess Ailesbury was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 37] and [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill at Warren's Hotel St James' Square. He married 25th November 1834 Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford Marchioness Ailesbury, daughter of John Horsley Beresford 2nd Baron Decies and Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley, and had issue.
On 19th April 1814 [his father] Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury [aged 84] died at Seymour Place. His son Charles [aged 41] succeeded 2nd Earl Ailesbury, 3rd Baron Bruce of Tottenham in Wiltshire.
The London Gazette 17724. 9th July 1821. Whitehall. .
The King has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignities of Viscount, Earl, and Marquess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Charles Earl of Ailesbury [aged 48], Knight of the Most Ancient aud Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the names, stiles, and titles of Viscount Savernake, of Savernake-Forest, in the county of Wilts, Earl Bruce, of Whorlton, in the county of York, and Marquess of Ailesbury, in the county of BucKingham
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of an Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Edward Viscount Falmouth [aged 34], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Earl of Falmouth, in the county of Cornwall. [Anne Frances Bankes Countess Falmouth [aged 31] by marriage Countess Falmouth.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of an Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to Richard William Penn Viscount Curzon [aged 24], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Earl Howe. [Note. Harriet Georgiana Brudenell Countess Howe [aged 22] by marriage Countess Howe.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignities of Viscount and Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to John Sommers Baron Sommers [aged 61], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the names, stiles, and titles of Viscount Eastnor, of Eastnor Castle, in the county of Hereford, and Earl Sommers.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignities of Viscount and Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to John Baron Rous [aged 71], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the names, stiles, and titles of Viscount Dunwich and Earl of Stradbroke, in the county of Suffolk. [Charlotte Maria Whittaker Countess of Stradbroke [aged 52] by marriage Countess Stradbroke.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of Viscount of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to Richard Earl of Donoughmore [aged 65], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Viscount Hutchinson, of Knocklofty, in the county of Tipperary; with remainder, in default of such issue male, to the heirs male of the body of Christian Baroness Donoughmore, deceased (mother of the said Richard Earl of Donoughmore), by John Hely Hutchinson, Esq. also deceased.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting: the dignity ot a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to William Marquess of Lothian [aged 57], Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotton, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Ker, of Kersheugh, in the county of Roxburgh.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Henry Marquess Conyngham [aged 54], Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Minster, of Minster-Abbey, in the county of Kent.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to James Earl of Ormonde and Ossory [aged 43], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotton, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Ormonde, of Llanthony, in the county of Monmouth; with remainder, in default of such issue male, to his brother the Honourable Charles Howard Butler Clarke [aged 40], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten. [Note. Grace Louisa Staples Marchioness Ormonde by marriage Baroness Ormonde of Llanthony in Monmouthshire.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Francis Earl of Wemyss and March [aged 49], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Wemyss, of Wemyss, in the county of Fife.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Robert Earl of Roden [aged 32], Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Clanbrassill, of Hyde-Hall, in the county of Hertford, and Dundalk, in the county of Louth.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting, the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to George Earl of Kingston [aged 50], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Kingston, of Mitchelstown, in the county of Cork.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to Thomas Earl of Longford [aged 47], Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile and title of Baron Silchester, of Silchester, in the county of Southampton.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom ef Great Britain and Ireland, to James Murray [aged 39], Esq. (commonly called Lord James Murray), and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten by the name, stile, and title of Baron Glenlyon of Glenlyon, in the county of Perth. [Note. Emily Frances Percy Baroness Goldolphin Helston [aged 33] by marriage Baroness Glenlyon of Glenlyon in Perthshire.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters:patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting1 the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Right Honourable William Wellesley Pole [aged 58], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Maryborough, of Maryborough, in the Queen's-County.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Right Honourable John Foster [aged 81], and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotton, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Oriel, of Ferrard, in the county of Louth.
The King has also been pleased to direct letters;patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Right Honourtable Sir William Scott [aged 75], Knt and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Stowell, of Stowell Park, in the county of Gloucester
The King has also been pleased to direct letters matent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Sir Thomas Henry Liddell [aged 46], Bart, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Ravensworth, of Ravenswortb-Castle, in the county-palatine of Durham, and of Eslington, in the county of Northumberland. [Note. Maria Susannah Simpson Baroness Calthorpe [aged 48] by marriage Baroness Ravensworth of Ravensworth Castle in County Durham.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity to a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Thomas Cholmondeley [aged 53], Esq. of Vale-Royal, in the county-palatine of Chester, and to the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Delamere, of Vale-Royal, in the said county. [Note. Henrietta Elizabeth Williams-Wynn Baroness Delamere [aged 50] by marriage Baroness Delamere of Vale Royal in Cheshire.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Cecil Weld Forester [aged 54], Esq. of Willey-Park, in the county of Salop, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baron Forester, of Willey-Park, in the said county. [Note. Katherine Mary Manners Baroness Forester by marriage Baroness Forester of Willey Park in Shropshire.]
The King has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignity of a Baroness of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to Charlotte Mary Gertrude Strutt [aged 63] (commonly called Lady Charlotte Mary Gertrude Strutt), and the heirs male of her body lawfully begotten, by the name, stile, and title of Baroness Rayleigh, of Terling-place in the county of Essex.
On 23rd November 1826 [his son-in-law] Frederick William Thomas Vernon Wentworth [aged 31] and Augusta Frederica Brudenell [aged 31] were married. She the daughter of Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 53] and Henrietta Maria Hill. They were first cousin once removed.
On 2nd January 1831 [his wife] Henrietta Maria Hill died.
On 20th August 1833 Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 60] and Maria Elizabeth Tollemache Marchioness Ailesbury [aged 23] were married at Ham House, Richmond, Surrey. She by marriage Marchioness Ailesbury. The difference in their ages was 36 years. He the son of Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury and Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury.
On 25th November 1834 Ernest Brudenell-Bruce 3rd Marquess Ailesbury [aged 23] and Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford Marchioness Ailesbury [aged 20] were married. He the son of Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 61] and Henrietta Maria Hill.
On 11th May 1837 George William Frederick Brudenell 2nd Marquess Ailesbury [aged 32] and Mary Herbert Marchioness Ailesbury [aged 24] were married. She the daughter of George Augustus Herbert 11th Earl Pembroke 8th Earl Montgomery and Yekaterina Semyonovna Vorontsova Countess Pembroke and Montgomery [aged 52]. He the son of Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 64] and Henrietta Maria Hill. They were half fifth cousin once removed.
Before 28th January 1839. William Beechey [aged 85]. Portrait of Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 65].
In 1847 [his daughter] Elizabeth Brudenell [aged 40] died.
Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'
This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.
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On 4th January 1856 Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury [aged 82] died. His son George [aged 51] succeeded 2nd Marquess Ailesbury, 3rd Earl Ailesbury, 2nd Earl Bruce of Whorlton in Yorkshire, 2nd Viscount Savernake of Savernake Forest in Wiltshire. Mary Herbert Marchioness Ailesbury [aged 43] by marriage Marchioness Ailesbury.
On 7th May 1893 [his former wife] Maria Elizabeth Tollemache Marchioness Ailesbury [aged 83] died at Petersham, Surrey.
[his daughter] Maria Carolina Ann Brudenell was born to Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury and Henrietta Maria Hill.
Kings Wessex: Great x 20 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 17 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 23 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 18 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 21 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great x 8 Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Kings Scotland: Great x 19 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 27 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 11 Grand Son of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 25 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Brudenell of Doddington in Huntingdonshire 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Cardigan
Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Brudenell 2nd Earl Cardigan 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Tresham 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Tresham Countess Cardigan 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Muriel Throckmorton 
6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Francis Brudenell 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Savage 1st Baronet 
6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Savage 1st Viscount Savage 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anna Savage Countess Cardigan 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Darcy 1st Earl Rivers 
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Darcy 1st Countess Rivers 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Kitson Countess Rivers 
11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
GrandFather: George Brudenell 3rd Earl Cardigan 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Savile 
5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: John Savile 1st Baron Savile 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Hussey 
10 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Savile 1st Earl of Sussex 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Carey 
5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Carey Baroness Savile 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Knyvet Baroness Geneville Beaudasert 
8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Frances Savile 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Villiers of Brokesby 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Christopher Villiers 1st Earl Anglesey 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Beaumont 1st Countess Buckingham 
7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Villiers Countess Sussex 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Sheldon of Howley in Leicestershire
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Sheldon Countess Anglesey
Father: Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Ailesbury 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Bruce 1st Lord Kinloss
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Bruce 1st Earl Elgin
Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Bruce 2nd Earl Elgin 1st Earl Ailesbury 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Chichester 
7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Chichester 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Harrington 
Great x 1 Grandfather: Thomas Bruce 3rd Earl Elgin 2nd Earl Ailesbury 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
GrandMother: Elizabeth Bruce 3rd Countess Cardigan 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Seymour 
2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 3 Grandfather: William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset 3 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Honora Rogers
Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry Seymour 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Devereux 2nd Earl Essex 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Devereux Duchess of Somerset 
8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Walsingham Countess Essex 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Seymour Countess Elgin and Ailesbury 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Capell 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Arthur Capell 1st Baron Capell Hadham 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Theodosia Montagu 
9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Capell Duchess Beaufort 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Charles Morrison 1st Baronet 
7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Morrison Baroness Capell Hadham 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Hicks Lady Cooper and Morrison
Charles Brudenell 1st Marquess Ailesbury 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 2 Grandfather: Richard Hoare 
Great x 1 Grandfather: Henry Hoare
GrandFather: Henry Hoare "The Magnificient"
Mother: Susanna Hoare Countess Ailesbury
Great x 1 Grandfather: Stephen Colt
GrandMother: Susan Colt