Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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Stonehenge Bank and Ditches Carbon Dates is in Stonehenge Phase I Bank and Ditches.
Carbon Date. 2550BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: bone:red deer
ID: 6065, C14 ID: OxA-4833 Date BP: 4550 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 4490, End BP: 4610
Abstract: Stonehenge, England
Archaeologist Name: Allen
Reference Name: Archaeometry 38(2), 1996, 391-415
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2432BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2934, bottom of primary ditch (C.25.4) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8048, C14 ID: UB-3794 Date BP: 4432 +/- 22, Start Date BP: 4410, End BP: 4454
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2430BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2800, bottom of primary ditch (C.22) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8044, C14 ID: UB-3789 Date BP: 4430 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4412, End BP: 4448
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2405BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, id as 3 articulated cattle vertebrae, from ditch L-Q (C42, S54; S62, 834, 854) at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Subm 1995[?]. Comment (M J Allen): from very early in Phase 2, representing secondary fills of ditch and construction of timber structures. This deposit and that of OxA-5981 both retained tendons and sinew on deposition and so cannot be considered as residual. This date overlaps range of high precision dates for Phase I ditch-digging.
ID: 8268, C14 ID: OxA-5982 Date BP: 4405 +/- 30, Start Date BP: 4375, End BP: 4435
OS Letter: SSU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R Cleal et al
Reference Name: Archaeometry, 38, 1996, 401-7; Archaeometry, 39, 1997, 252 (supplementary information Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2 [not this date]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2397BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 1552, secondary ditch near ENE causeway (C.25.2), cast-in chalk of Phase 2 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8056, C14 ID: UB-3791 Date BP: 4397 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4379, End BP: 4415
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2393BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2934, bottom of primary ditch (C.25.4) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8047, C14 ID: UB-3793 Date BP: 4393 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4375, End BP: 4411
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2390BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, id as red deer (Cervus elaphus L), from base of Stonehenge I ditch at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 8928, C14 ID: BM-1617 Date BP: 4390 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 4330, End BP: 4450
Abstract: ST 122422
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson & J G Evans
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 24, 1982, 233-4; Proc Prehist Soc, 48, 1982, 75-132 esp 128
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2381BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2804, bottom of primary ditch (C.28.10) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8042, C14 ID: UB-3788 Date BP: 4381 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4363, End BP: 4399
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2375BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2801, bottom of primary ditch (C.20) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.Stonehenge Bronze Age Carbon Dates
ID: 8043, C14 ID: UB-3787 Date BP: 4375 +/- 19, Start Date BP: 4356, End BP: 4394
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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Carbon Date. 2367BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2799, bottom of primary ditch (C.22 D-E) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8045, C14 ID: UB-3790 Date BP: 4367 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4349, End BP: 4385
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2220BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, id as piglet, C20, AB49, AB50, from articulated skeleton in ditch at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Subm 1995[?]. Comment (M J Allen): from earlier part of Phase 2, representing secondary fills of ditch and construction of timber structures. This deposit and that of OxA-5982 both retained tendons and sinew on deposition and so cannot be considered as residual.
ID: 8267, C14 ID: OxA-5981 Date BP: 4220 +/- 35, Start Date BP: 4185, End BP: 4255
OS Letter: SSU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R Cleal et al
Reference Name: Archaeometry, 38, 1996, 401-7; Archaeometry, 39, 1997, 252 (supplementary information Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2 [not this date]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2130BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler dating ditch construction at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. [Ed: could this lab no. be error for I-2382??]
ID: 3904, C14 ID: I-2328 Date BP: 4130 +/- 105, Start Date BP: 4025, End BP: 4235
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: S Piggott et al
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 2, 1960, 27; Radiocarbon, 10, 1968, 288; Radiocarbon, 21, 1979, 341-2; Science, 114, 1951, 292; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 63-4; Antiquity, 50, 1976, 239-40; R M J Cleal et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape' (1995) [re-evaluation of date series]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1715BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone collagen, id as human femur, from burial inserted in upper secondary fill of enclosure ditch near W terminal of Stonehenge I; wristguard and arrows in association; also dates earliest bluestone chips on site at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 8929, C14 ID: BM-1582 Date BP: 3715 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 3645, End BP: 3785
OS Letter: ST, OS East: 122, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson & J G Evans
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 24, 1982, 233-4; Proc Prehist Soc, 48, 1982, 75-132 esp 128
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767