The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Chancellor of the Exchequer is in Exchequer.
Before May 1268 Godfrey Giffard Bishop of Worcester [aged 33] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
On 3rd December 1312 Bishop John Hotham was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
On 28th January 1327 Bishop John Hotham was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
In 1331 Robert de Stratford [aged 39] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
On 31st January 1410 Thomas Beaufort 1st Duke Exeter [aged 33] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer which position he held until 1411.
In 1454 Thomas Witham [aged 34] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by King Henry VI of England and II of France [aged 32].
In 1456 Thomas Witham [aged 36] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by King Henry VI of England and II of France [aged 34] for life.
In 1461 Thomas Witham's [aged 41] appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer was confirmed by King Edward IV of England [aged 18].
Patent Rolls. 20th April 1461. York [Map]. Grant for life to Thomas Witham [aged 41] of the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, with the accustomed fees.
Close Rolls Edward IV Edward V Richard III 1476-1485. 30th June 1483 William Catesby [aged 33] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. King Richard III of England [aged 30]. Westminster Palace [Map] Grant for life to William Catesby, esquire, of the office of Baron of the Exchequer, receiving the accustomed fees at the Exchequer or the receipt of the Exchequer, with all rights, profits and commodities. By p.s.
On 12th October 1485 Thomas Lovell was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
On 14th July 1524 John Bourchier 2nd Baron Berners [aged 57] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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After 21st April 1566 Walter Mildmay [aged 45] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer and Auditor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
In 1672 John Duncombe Chancellor [aged 50] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.
John Evelyn's Diary. 1st September 1672. I spent this week in soliciting for moneys, and in reading to my Lord Clifford [aged 42] my papers relating to the first Holland war. Now, our Council of Plantations met at Lord Shaftesbury's [aged 51] (Chancellor of the Exchequer) to read and reform the draft of our new Patent, joining the Council of Trade to our political capacities. After this, I returned home, in order to another excursion to the seaside, to get as many as possible of the men who were recovered on board the fleet.
In 1701 Henry Boyle 1st Baron Carleton [aged 31] was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.