Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes

Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.

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Causewayed Enclosure

Cardington Causewayed Enclosure Eton Wick Causewayed Enclosure Maiden Bower Hillfort South England Neolithic Causewayed Enclosures South-East England Causewayed Enclosures

Causewayed Enclosure is in Neolithic Monuments.

Causewayed Enclosure are areas of ground, typically high ground, enclosed by one or more discontinuous banks and ditches. The discontinuous nature of their banks and ditches suggests they weren't used for settlement. There are around seventy in England, one hundred in France. Excavations suggest the ditches were repeatedly re-cut and pottery and bones (animal and human) were deliberately deposited.

South England Neolithic Causewayed Enclosures

South-East England Causewayed Enclosures