On 22 Aug 851 Lambert Guideschi II Count Nantes fought at Grand Fougeray during the Battle of Jengland.

Florence of Worcester. 22 Aug 1138. Irruption of the Scots, and Battle of the Standard.

During these events, David (age 54), king of Scotland, made a third irruption from the borders of his kingdom, with large bands both of horse and foot, and began to set on fire farms, towns, and castles, on the confines of Northumbria, and lay waste nearly all the country. But as he threatened at last to pursue his inroad as far as York and the Humber, Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, archbishop of York, had a conference with the Yorkshiremen, and prevailed on them all, with one consent, to take the oath of fealty to king Stephen, and resist the king of Scots. David, however, was still more incensed at this, and rejecting all advice to the contrary, and reaching the river Tees on the octave of the Assumption of St. Mary [22nd August], which happened on a Monday, he determined to surprise our troops, there being a thick fog in the morning of that day. Hoping, in consequence, to come upon us unawares, he left many vills untouched, and would not suffer his men to set fire to any place, as they usually did. Meanwhile, our troops being warned by a squire, though somewhat late so that they were nearly taken by surprise, armed themselves, and drew up in order of battle with the utmost despatch, sending out archers in front, by whom the Scots were severely galled. Then the king's barons marched with the knights, having all dismounted and stationed themselves in the first rank, and thus fought hand-in-hand with the enemy. The conflict was ended, and victory secured at the very first onset, for the Scots gave way, and either fell or fled in the greatest alarm. Our men, however, being on foot, and having caused all their horses to be led to some distance, were unable to continue the pursuit long, otherwise they would have taken or put to the sword the king himself, with his son (age 24), and all his immediate attendants. Of his army, nearly ten thousand men fell in different places, and as many as fifty persons of rank were made prisoners. The vanquished king himself escaped by flight, overwhelmed with terror and shame. His chancellor, William Comyn, was taken by the bishop of Durham; but being set at liberty, he gave thanks to God, heartily hoping he should never again fall into such a scrape. The king's son reached Carlisle on foot, attended by a single knight; and his father escaped with some difficulty through the woods and thickets to Roxburgh. He had led an innumerable army consisting of French, as well as English, Scots, Galwegians, and the people of all the isles which owed him allegiance, but nineteen only out of two hundred of his mailed knights carried back their armour; for every one left nearly all that he had to become the spoil of the enemy, so that an immense booty, both of horses, arms, and clothing, and many other things, was taken from his army. Eustace Fitz-John (age 50), who had joined his expedition, met with a similar fate, having been wounded, and barely escaping with life to his castle. Among the valiant men who, in Christ's name, fought on behalf of king Stephen, were the earl of Albemarle (age 37), Bernard de Baliol, and many others, but the earl was distinguished for his bravery in the battle.¹

Note 1. A more detailed account of this famous "Battle of the Standard" will be found in Henry of Huntingdon's History, pp. 267, &c. [.Antiq. Lib.], and in Roger of Wendover, ibid, p. 489. Cf. also William of Newbury, Trivet, and Rieval "de Bello Standardi," in Twysden

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 22 Aug 1138. In this year came David, King of Scotland (age 54), with an immense army to this land. He was ambitious to win this land; but against him came William, Earl of Albemarle (age 37), to whom the king (age 44) had committed York, and other borderers, with few men, and fought against them, and routed the king at the Standard, and slew very many of his gang.

Flowers of History by Roger of Wendover 1138. 22 Aug 1138. Of the pitched battle between the Scots and English.

The Scots hearing the shout, like women, raised their usual war-cry of Alban! Alban! which was, however, soon drowned in the dreadful rush of the engaging armies. A body of the men of Lothian, who had obtained from the king (age 54) the honour of striking the first blow, with numbers of missiles and with their long lances, bore down impetuously upon the mailed English knights, but fell upon them like as upon a wall, for they remained immovable. The English archers, then mingling with the cavalry, poured their arrows like a cloud upon the Scots, pierced all who were not protected by their armour, whilst the whole English line and the glory of the Normans, crowding around the standard, remained firm and unshaken. The commander of the men of Lothian fell slain by an arrow, and his men all took to flight. For the most high God was offended with them: therefore their valour was broken like a spider's web in the battle. The main body of the Scots, which was fighting in another part of the field, seeing their comrades routed, lost courage and retreated also. But the king's troops, who were of different clans, began first to flinch individually, and afterwards to recoil in a body, though the king still stood firm: but his friends compelled him to mount his horse and fly, whilst his brave son (age 24), heeding not the flight of the rest, but solely bent on acquiring glory, charged the lines of the enemy with headlong valour, though his men could do no execution on knights that were sheathed in mail; but at last they were forced to take flight, not, without much bloodshed, and were ignominiously driven off the field in all directions. It was reported that eleven thousand of the Scots were slain, besides those who were found mortally wounded in the corn-fields and woods: our army happily triumphed with very little loss of life, and all the knights, the brother of Gilbert de Lacy was the only one slain. This battle was fought in the month of August, by the people who lived in the country beyond the Humber. The same year, in the month of October, the count of Anjou compelled the inhabitants of Orismes to surrender, and laid siege to Bayeux and Falaise.

On 22 Aug 1138 an English army commanded by William of Blois 1st Earl Albemarle 1st Earl York (age 37), William "The Younger" Peverell (age 58) and Robert III Stuteville defeated a Scottish army led by King David I of Scotland (age 54) and his son Henry Dunkeld 3rd Earl Huntingdon 1st Earl of Northumbria (age 24). The battle was fought at Cowton Moor, Northallerton. The name "Battle of the Standard is derived from the Standards (banners) of the Bishops of Durham, York, Beverly and Ripon which were flown from a mast mounted on a cart.

Robert III Stuteville: he was born to Robert Stuteville at Estouteville. Before 1186 Robert III Stuteville and Helewise de Murdac were married. In 1186 Robert III Stuteville died. Before 1186 Robert III Stuteville and Sibilla Valognes were married.

On 22 Aug 1138 Walter Gaunt (age 58) died. Possibly at the Battle of the Standard aka Northallerton?

After 22 Aug 1138 William of Blois 1st Earl Albemarle 1st Earl York (age 37) was created 1st Earl York for his success at the Battle of the Standard aka Northallerton.

On 22 Aug 1165 King Philip II of France was born to Louis VII King Franks (age 45) and Adèle Blois in Gonesse. The much longed for heir to the crown of France. He was also given the name 'Dieu Donné' meaning God Given. He a great x 2 grandson of King William "Conqueror" I of England.

On 22 Aug 1358 Isabella of France Queen Consort England (age 63) died at Hertford Castle [Map]; see Archaeologia Vol. 35 XXXIII. She was buried in Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map].

The funeral was performed by Archbishop Simon Islip. She was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding and at her request, Edward's heart, placed into a casket thirty years before, was interred with her.

Froissart Book 1 Chapter 215. 22 Aug 1358. About this time, the lady Isabella of France (age 63), mother of the king (age 45), died. She was daughter of Philip the Fair. The king ordered a most magnificent and pompous funeral for her, at the Friar Minors; at which all the prelates and barons of England, as well as the lords of France who were hostages for the performance of the articles of peace, attended.

On 22 Aug 1371 Guy of Luxemburg I Count Saint Pol and Ligny (age 31) was killed at Baesweiler, Aachen aka Aix-le-Chapelle.

Waleran Luxemburg (age 16) was captured.

On 24 Aug 1371 Edward Duke Guelders (age 35) died from wounds..

The History and Antiquities of the Tower of London Part II Apendices. 22 Aug 1553. The open Confession off Jhon Duke of Northumberlande (age 49), w^ch sufferid at Tower hyl, 22 off August, 1553.

Good people, hyther I am come thys day to dye, as ye know. Indede, I co'fesse to you al y' I have liv'd an evyl lyfe, and have done wykydly al the days of my lyfe, and off al, most agay'st the queen's hyghness, who' I here openly aske forgeveniss; (and bowyd hys kneys) but not I alone the original doer thereoff, I assure yow: for there were some other w^ch the same, but I wyl not name them; for I wyl hurte now no man; and the first occasion hath byn thorow false and sedicious preachers, that I have erred from the catholyke fayth, and well doewine of Christ. The doewine I meane w^ch hath cotynuyd thorow al chrystyndom syns Chryst; for, good people, there ys and hath byn ever syns Christ one catholyke church; w^ch churche hathe contynued from him to hys discyples yn one unyte and concorde, and so hath alway continued from tyme to tyme untyl thys day, and yet dothe thorow owt al chrystendome, only us exceptyd; for wye are quyte gone owt of that churche; for whereas al holy fathers and al other sayntys, thorow owt al chrystyndome syns Christ and hys discyples, have ever agreyd yn one unyte, faith, and doctrine; wye alone dissent from ther opynyons, and folowe ower owne pryvate interpretacion off scriptures. Do yow thynke, good people, that wye, beyng one sparcle in comparyson, be wyser than al the worlde besydys, and ever syus Chryst? No, I assure you; you are far dyscevyd. I do not say so for any gret lerning that I have, for God knowyth that I have very lyttle or none; but for th❜experyence w^ch I have had; for, I pray you, se syns the death off kynge Henry the eyght, into whatte mysery wye have byn broght, what open rebellion, sedicion, what gret division hath byn thorow owt the whole realme; for God hath delyveryd uup to ower owne sensualytyes, and every day wax worse and worse. Loke also yn Germany, syns they swarvyd from the fayth, unto what miserable state they have byn broght, and how their realm ys decay'd. And herewyth I have spurnyd thes preachers for ther doctryne, and they ware not hable to answer any parte thereoff, no more than a lytle boy. They openyd the bookys, and cold not shut the' agayn. More than that, good people, you have yn yower crede, credo ecclesiam catholicam; whyche churche ys the same churche w^ch hath contynuyd ever from Chryst, thorow owt al th'apostles, saynts, and doctours tymys, and yet doth, as y have sayd before, off w^ch churche I do openly professe myselfe to be one, and do stedfastly belyve ther yn, I speke unfaynydly from the bottom of my harte. Thys good man, the bysshope off Wurcestre, shall be my wytnys. " [And the bysshopp said Je.] And I besyche yow al, bere me wytnes y^t I dye theryn; and I do thynke yff I had had thys belyfe sowner, I never had come to thys passe: wherefore, I exhorte yow al, good people, take yow al exemple off me, and forsake thys new doctryne betyme; dyffer yt not longe, lest God plague yow, as he hath me, w^ch now suffer thys vyle death most worthely. I have no more to say, good people; but al those w^ch I have offendyd I aske forgevenys, and they w^ch have offendyd me I forgeve them, as I wold God forgeve me. And I trust the queenys hyghness hathe forgevyn me, where as I was wyth force and armes agaynst her yn the fylde, I myght have byn rente yn peces wyth owt law; here grace hath gevyn me tyme and respecte to have judgement. And after he had desyryd al the people to pray for hym, and had humblyd hymselfe to God, and coveryd bys own eyes with a clothe, he sufferyd execucion mykely. "

Note 1. Harl. MSS. No. 284.

The History and Antiquities of the Tower of London Part II Apendices. 22 Aug 1553. Confession off sir Jhon Gates wch sufferyd the same day and yere.

My comyg hyther thys day, good people, ys to dye; wheroff I assure you al I am wel worthy, for I have lyvyd as vyciously and wyckedly al the days of my lyfe as any man hath doone yn the worlde. I was the gretyst reader off the scripture y ' myght be, off a man off my degree; and a worse follower ther off was not lyvyng: for I did not rede to th'entent to be edy- fiyd ther by, nor to eyde the glory of God, but contrarywyse arrogantly to be sedycious, and to dispute therof, and pryvately to ynterpretate hyt after my own lykyng and affection. Wherefore, good people, I exhorte you al to beware how and after what sorte ye come to rede God hys holy worde; for yt ys no.... or pleyng game to medle wyth God hys holy mysterys: stande not to much yn yower owne conceptys, for loke as the bee off evere flower doth gather hony, and the spyder poyson off the same, evyn so yow excepte yow humble submitte yower selfys to God, and charytable rede the same to th'entent to be edefiyd therby, yt ys unto yow as poyson and worse, and better yt ys to let yt alone.

Chronicle of Queen Jane and Two Years of Queen Mary 1553. 22 Aug 1553. And when he [John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland (age 49)] came apon the scaffolde, first, he put of his gowne of crane-colored damaske, and then he leaned apon the raile towarde the est, and saide to the people, allmost in every poynt as he had saide in the chapell^a, saving that when he came to the confession of his belife tie saide, I trust, my lorde the bushope^b here will beare me witnes hereof." At the last he put of his jerkyn and doblet, and then saide his prayers; after which tyme the hangman reched to him a kerchef, which he dyd knit himself about his ees, and then layd him downe, and so was behedded.

Note a. "This present daye the duke of Northumberlande, sir John Gates, and master Palmere, came to executione, and suffered deathe. The duke's confessyon was in effecte but lytle, as I hard saye; hee confessed himselfe worthie to dye, and that he was a greate helper in of this religion which is false, thearfore God had punished us with the lose of kinge Henry 8, and also with the lose of king Edward 6, then with rebellione, and aftere with the swetinge sicknes, and yet we would not turne. Requiringe them all that weare presente to remember the ould learninge, thankinge God that he would vutsafe to call him nowe to be a Christyane, for this 16 yeares he had byne non. Theare weare a greate nomber turned with his words. He wished every man not to be covetous, for that was a greate parte of his distruction. He was asked further yf he had any thinge moare to saye, and he said nothinge but that he was worthie to dye, and so was moe than he, but he cam to dye, and not to accuse any mane. And thus bouldly he spak, tyll he layd his head on the block." (Letter of William Dalby, as before cited.) Another account of the duke of Northumberland's confession, from the MS. Harl. 284, is printed in Bayley's History of the Tower of London, Appx. p. xlviii.; and by Tytler, vol. ii. p. 230, who refers to others in MS. Cotton, Titus, B II. in MS. Reg. 12 A 26 (in Latin), and an abstract in MS. Harl. 2194.

Note b. Nicholas Heath (age 52), bishop of Worcester.

Chronicle of Queen Jane and Two Years of Queen Mary 1553. 22 Aug 1553. Afterwardes cam sir John Gates; and after a few wordes spoken^a he would have no kerchef, but laed downe his hed; where at iij. blowes his hed was striken of.

Note a. Sir John Gates's confession, as stated in the MS. Harl. 284, is printed in the Appendix to Bayley's History of the Tower of London, p. xlix.

England under the reigns of Edward VI and Mary. The Open Confession of John Duke Of Northumberland (age 49), who suffered at Tower Hill, 22nd of August 1553. Orig. Harleian, 284; fol. 127.

"Good people. Hither I am come this day to diej as ye know. Indeed, I confess to you all that I have been an evil liver, and have done wickedly all the days of my life; and, of all, most against the Queen's Highness, [of] whom I here openly ask forgiveness (and bowed his knees): but not I alone the original doer thereof, I assure you, for there were some other which procured the same; but I will not name them, for I will hurt now no man. And the chiefest occasion hath been through false and seditious preachers, that I have erred from the Catholic faith and true doctrine of Christ. The doctrine, I mean, which hath continued thro' all Christendom since Christ. For, good people, there is, and hath been ever since Christ, one Catholic church; which church hath continued from him to his disciples in one unity and concord, and so hath alway continued from time to time until this day, and yet doth throughout all Christendom, only us excepted; for we are quite gone out of that church. For, whereas all holy fathers, and all other saints throughout alt Christendom, since Christ and his disciples, have ever agreed in one unity, faith, and doctrine; we alone dissent from their opinions, and follow our own private interpretation of Scriptures. Do you think, good people, that we, being one parcel in comparison, be wiser than all the world besides, ever since Christ? No, I assure you, you are far deceived. I do not say so for any great learning that I have, for, God knoweth, I have very little, or none; but for the experience which I have had.

" For I pray you, see, since the death of King Henry the Eighth, into what misery we have been brought; what open rebellion, what sedition, what great division hath been throughout the whole realm; for God hath delivered [us] up to [our] own sensualities, and every day [we] wax worse and worse. Look also in Germany, since they severed from the faith; unto what miserable state they have been brought, and how their realm is decayed. And herewith I have [braved] these preachers for their doctrine, and they were not able to answer any part thereof, no more than a little boy. They opened the books, and could not [reply to] them again. More than that, good people, you have in your Creed, Credo Eccksiam Catkolicam, which church is the same church which hath continued ever from Christ, throughout all the apostles', saints', and doctors' times, and yet doth, as I have said before. Of which church 1 do openly profess myself to be one, and do steadfastly believe therein; I speak unfeignedly from the bottom of my heart. This good man, the Bishop of Worcester, shall be my witness (and the Bishop said, ' Yea'), And I beseech you all bear nie witness that I die therein. And I do think, if I had had this belief sooner, I never had come to this pass: wherefore I exhort you all, good people, take you all example of me, and forsake this new doctrine betimes. Defer it not long, lest God plague you as he hath me, which now suffer this vile death most worthily.

" I have no more to say, good people; but all those which I have offended I ask forgiveness, and they which have offended me I forgive them, as I would God forgive me. And I trust the Queen's Highness hath forgiven me: where as I was with force and arms against her in the field, I might have been rent in pieces without law, her Grace hath give me time and respect to have judgment.

"And after he had desired all the people to pray for him, he humbled himself to God, and covered his own eyes with a cloth, and he suffered execution meekly."

On 22 Aug 1553 John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland (age 49) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke Northumberland, Earl Warwick and Viscount Lisle forfeit. John Dudley 2nd Earl Warwick (age 26), his son, was also attainted, with the Earldom of Warwick forfeit.

Thomas Palmer and John Gates (age 49) were hanged, drawn and quartered.

After 22 Aug 1553 John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland (deceased) was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

On 22 Aug 1572 Thomas Percy 7th Earl of Northumberland (age 44) was beheaded at The Pavement in York. He was buried at St Crux Church, York. His brother Henry Percy 8th Earl of Northumberland (age 40) succeeded 8th Earl of Northumberland, 11th Baron Percy of Alnwick, 19th Baron Percy of Topcliffe, 2nd Baron Percy of Alnwick, 10th Baron Poynings.

22 Aug 1582. The Raid of Ruthven was a plot by several nobles led by William Ruthven 1st Earl Gowrie (age 39) to kidnap the fifteen years old King James VI of Scotland (age 16), son of Mary Queen of Scots (age 39), (before he became King of England) to reform the government of Scotland.

The nobles included John Erskine 19th Earl Mar (age 20), Thomas Lyon Master of Glamis, Robert Boyd 5th Lord Boyd (age 65), Patrick Lindsay 6th Lord Lindsay of the Byres (age 61), and David Erskine Commendator of Dryburgh.

They were opposed by Esme Stewart 1st Duke Lennox (age 40) and James Stewart 1st Earl Arran who controlled the government.

King James VI of Scotland was captured whilst hunting near Ruthven Castle.

The rebels were joined by Francis Stewart 5th Earl Bothwell (age 19) and James Cunningham 7th Earl Glencairn (age 30).

Esme Stewart 1st Duke Lennox was exiled; he died a year later in Paris. James Stewart 1st Earl Arran was imprisoned.

On 22 Aug 1591 Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland (age 57) arrived in Chichester [Map] as a guest of John Lumley 1st Baron Lumley (age 58).

After 22 Aug 1591 Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland (age 57) arrived in Titchfield, Hampshire [Map] as a guest of Henry Wriothesley 2nd Earl of Southampton.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 22 Aug 1665. Up, and after much pleasant talke and being importuned by my wife and her two mayds, which are both good wenches, for me to buy a necklace of pearle for her, and I promising to give her one of £60 in two years at furthest, and in less if she pleases me in her painting, I went away and walked to Greenwich, Kent [Map], in my way seeing a coffin with a dead body therein, dead of the plague, lying in an open close belonging to Coome farme, which was carried out last night, and the parish have not appointed any body to bury it; but only set a watch there day and night, that nobody should go thither or come thence, which is a most cruel thing: this disease making us more cruel to one another than if we are doggs.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 22 Aug 1666. Up and by coach with £100 to the Exchequer to pay fees there. There left it, and I to St. James's, and there with; the Duke of Yorke (age 32). I had opportunity of much talk with Sir. W. Pen (age 45) to-day (he being newly come from the fleete); and he, do much undervalue the honour that is given to the conduct of the late business of Holmes (age 44) in burning the ships and town¹ saying it was a great thing indeed, and of great profit to us in being of great losse to the enemy, but that it was wholly a business of chance, and no conduct employed in it. I find Sir W. Pen do hold up his head at this time higher than ever he did in his life. I perceive he do look after Sir J. Minnes's (age 67) place if he dies, and though I love him not nor do desire to have him in, yet I do think (he) is the first man in England for it.

Note 1. The town burned (see August 15th, ante) was Brandaris, a place of 1000 houses, on the isle of Schelling; the ships lay between that island and the Fly (i.e. Vlieland), the adjoining island. This attack probably provoked that by the Dutch on Chatham, Kent [Map].

On 22 Aug 1713 Leonard Smelt (age 30) was elected MP Northallerton during the 1713 General Election.

On 22 Aug 1713 Thomas Frankland 3rd Baronet (age 28) was elected MP Thirsk during the 1713 General Election.

On 22 Aug 1165 King Philip II of France was born to Louis VII King Franks (age 45) and Adèle Blois in Gonesse. The much longed for heir to the crown of France. He was also given the name 'Dieu Donné' meaning God Given. He a great x 2 grandson of King William "Conqueror" I of England.

On 22 Aug 1358 Isabella of France Queen Consort England (age 63) died at Hertford Castle [Map]; see Archaeologia Vol. 35 XXXIII. She was buried in Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map].

The funeral was performed by Archbishop Simon Islip. She was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding and at her request, Edward's heart, placed into a casket thirty years before, was interred with her.

On 22 Aug 1371 Guy of Luxemburg I Count Saint Pol and Ligny (age 31) was killed at Baesweiler, Aachen aka Aix-le-Chapelle.

Waleran Luxemburg (age 16) was captured.

On 24 Aug 1371 Edward Duke Guelders (age 35) died from wounds..

On 22 Aug 1553 John Dudley 1st Duke Northumberland (age 49) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Duke Northumberland, Earl Warwick and Viscount Lisle forfeit. John Dudley 2nd Earl Warwick (age 26), his son, was also attainted, with the Earldom of Warwick forfeit.

Thomas Palmer and John Gates (age 49) were hanged, drawn and quartered.

On 22 Aug 1572 Thomas Percy 7th Earl of Northumberland (age 44) was beheaded at The Pavement in York. He was buried at St Crux Church, York. His brother Henry Percy 8th Earl of Northumberland (age 40) succeeded 8th Earl of Northumberland, 11th Baron Percy of Alnwick, 19th Baron Percy of Topcliffe, 2nd Baron Percy of Alnwick, 10th Baron Poynings.