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1350-1359 Battles of Winchelsea and Poitiers is in 14th Century Events.
1350 Creation of Garter Knights
Annales of England by John Stow. This yeere, on Saint Georges day [23rd April 1350], the king held a great and solemne feast at his castle of Windsor, where he had augmented the chappel which Henry the first and other his progenitors, kings of England, had before erected, of eight chanons. He added to those eight chanons a deane and fifteene chanons more, and 24 poore and impotent knights, with other ministers and servants, as appeareth in his charter dated the two and twentieth of his reigne. Besides the king, there were other also that were contributors to the foundation of this colledge, as followeth: i. The sovereigne king Edward the third, 2. Edward, his eldest sonne, prince of Wales, 3. Henry, duke of Lancaster, 4. the earle of Warwicke (age 37), 5. Captaine de Bouch (age 19), 6. Ralph, earle of Stafford (age 48), 7. William Montacute (age 21), earle of Salisburie, 8. Roger, lorde Mortimer (age 21), earle of March, 9. sir John de Lisle (age 31), 10. sir Bartholomew Burwash (age 22), 11. sir John Beauchampe (age 34), 12. sir John Mahune (age 30), 13. sir Hugh Courtney, 14. sir Thomas Holland (age 36), 15. sir John Grey (age 49), 16. sir Richard Fitz Simon, 17. sir Miles Stapleton (age 30), 18. sir Thomas Walle (age 47), 19. sir Hugh Wrothesley (age 16), 20. sir Nele Loring (age 30), 21. sir John Chandos (age 30), 22. sir James de Audley (age 32), 23. sir Othes Holland (age 34), 24. sir Henry Eme, 25. sir Sechet Dabridgecourt (age 20), 26. sir Wiliam Panell (age 31). All these, together with the king, were clothed in gownes of russet, poudered with garters blew, wearing the like garters also on their right legges, and mantels of blew with scutcheons of S. George. In this sort of apparell they, being bare-headed, heard masse, which was celebrated by Simon Islip, archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishops of Winchester and Excester, and afterwards they went to the feast, setting themselves orderly at the table, for the honor of the feast, which they named to be of S. George the martyr and the choosing of the knights of the Garter.
29 Aug 1350 Battle of Winchelsea
On 29th August 1350 the English fleet defeated a Castilian fleet at Winchelsea [Map] during the Battle of Winchelsea. Around twenty Castilian ships were captured; several were sunk. For the English King Edward III of England (age 37) and his son Edward "Black Prince" (age 20), James Audley (age 32), Henry Scrope 1st Baron Scrope of Masham (age 37), Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 40) and John Sully (age 67) fought.
Chronicle of Henry Knighton. At that same time, the Spaniards returned from Spain with a strong fleet and robust men, bringing with them countless treasures and vast quantities of merchandise, and they rested at Sluis in Flanders. They plundered at sea whatever they could, killed many Englishmen, and committed numerous atrocities. During their arrival at Sluys, they encountered an English fleet sailing toward Gascony in search of wine. They seized their goods and killed many Englishmen, especially off the coast of Brittany, causing great losses. Therefore, King Edward sent word to Flanders that the Spaniards should be removed from their lands at his request. And immediately King Edward gathered his forces. For, since the Spaniards had inflicted so many wrongs upon the English; burning English ports, plundering, and killing, King Edward went to meet them at sea, and attacked them fiercely. The Spaniards nobly and bravely defended themselves for a long time, but at last they were overcome, and many were drowned. And the king seized their goods, by the grace of God, and brought them back to England, specifically, on the Sunday just before the Feast of the Assumption [29th August 1350].
Eodem tempore Hispaniei redierunt de Estlandia cum forti classe et gente robusta, habentes gazas innumeras et mercimonia infinita, et quieverunt apud le Sclusse! in Flandria. Et prædati sunt in mari quecunque potuerunt, et multos Anglos occiderunt et multa mala fecerunt, et in eorum adventu apud le Sclusse obviaverunt Anglicanæ classi tendenti versus Vasconiam pro vino quærendo, bona eorum rapuerunt et occiderunt de Anglis ad magnam summam, sub maritima Britanniæ. Unde rex Edwardus misit in Flandriam ut eos amoverent a finibus suis ad instantiam suam, et statim rex Edwardus congregavit populum suum [et] pro eo quod Hispanici tanta mala intulerant Anglicis incendendo portus Angliee, depresdando et occidendo, rex Edwardus dedit eis obviam in mari et eis acriter insultum fecit, et ipsi se nobiliter et fortiter defenderunt longo tempore, et tandem subacti sunt et multi submersi, et tulit rex bona eorum per dei gratiam, et adduxit secum in Angliam, scilicet Dominica proxima ante festum Assumptionis.
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Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. [29th August 1350] On the Feast of the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, in the year of our Lord 1350, in the 24th year of his reign over England and the 11th year of his claimed reign over France, the said Lord King of England, reflecting in his heart how, around the previous [1st November 1349], the Spaniards, arriving by sea, had attacked the port of Gironde, on the maritime approach toward Bordeaux, and had seized many English ships loaded with wine for transport to England, killing all the Englishmen found aboard— he resolved to punish and terrify them with a similar fate, that they might not dare to commit such crimes again. Having assembled a sufficient fleet at Sandwich, and taken with him many nobles, as well as men-at-arms and archers of the realm, he engaged in a naval battle near Winchelsea with the Spaniards, who were sailing from Flanders in many armed warships, fully manned and stocked with weapons and defensive gear, sailing homeward, and preparing to plunder and burn along the English coast. The king engaged them in battle, and, although the Spaniards fought valiantly, he defeated them. There were very many Spaniards aboard 24 large ships, and none of them was willing to surrender. So they were put to death by sword and arrow, and the said 24 ships were captured, together with much merchandise, especially various cloths purchased in Flanders. However, some Spanish ships that had kept farther from the battle, holding both their goods and distance, escaped, as no one pursued them.
In festo vero Decollationis sancti Johannis baptistæ, anno Domini millesimo CCCmoLmo, dictus dominus rex Anglorum, anno regni sui Angliæ XXIIIL, regni vero Franciæ XJmo, in corde suo revolvens quod, circiter festum Omnium Sanctorum proximo tunc præteritum, Ispanici, navigio venientes, in portu de Gerounde, tendente de mari versus Burdeaux, plures naves Anglorum ibidem cum vino in Angliam transvehendo onustas, peremptis omnibus Anglicis in eisdem navibus inventis, ceperunt, cogitansque eosdem pœna consimili castigare et terrere ne ad talia facinora extenderent amplius manus suas, in sufficienti navigio, apud Sandwich? congregato, assumptis secum multis nobilibus aliisque hominibus armorum et sagittariis regni Angliæ, in mari juxta Winchelse cum Hispannicis, de partibus Flandriæ, cum multis navibus bellicosis hominibus armatis, cum telis et armis aliis defensivis munitis fortiter et onustis, versus partes proprias navigantibus, et ad faciendas deprædationes et incendia per litora maris Angliæ se disponentibus, bellum navale commisit, ipsosque strenue se habentes devicit. Multis admodum Hispannicis in XXIIIJ magnis navibus exsistentibus, nullo ipsorum volente se reddere, gladiis et sagittis volantibus vita privatis, dictæ xxiiijor naves, cum multis mercimoniis prsecipue diversis pannis emptis in Flandria, in eisdem inventis, capte sunt; quidam tamen, cum suis mercimoniis in navibus aliis repositis a prœlio longius se tenentes, ipsos nullis insequentibus, evaserunt.
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Statute of Labourers
In 1351 the Statute of Labourers was a futher attempt by Parliament to constrain worker's wages following the 1348 Black Death Plague Outbreak. In practice, the Statute was poorly enforced and caused considerable resentment, ultimately being one of the causes of the Peasant's Revolt.
Treason Act
In 1351 the Treason Act defined Treason for the first time: High Treason and Petty Treason, and the associated penalties. Hanging, drawing an quartering for men, burning for women.
Statute of Provisors
In 1351 the Statute of Provisors attempted to constrain the appointment of benefices to aliens ie non-English who are not subject to English Laws.
1351 Creation of Peers
In 1351 Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 41) was created 1st Duke Lancaster by King Edward III of England (age 38). Isabel Beaumont Duchess Lancaster (age 31) by marriage Duchess Lancaster.
Lionel of Antwerp 1st Duke of Clarence (age 12) was created 1st Earl of Ulster.
John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster (age 10) was created 1st Earl Richmond.
Ralph Stafford 1st Earl Stafford (age 49) was created 1st Earl Stafford.
See
Chronicle of Henry Knighton. [2nd February 1351] In the year of grace 1350, it was a Jubilee Year in Rome, and it began on the Feast of the Annunciation of the Glorious Virgin Mary (March 25). Henry, the noble Earl of Lancaster, was made Duke of Lancaster. He was the first Duke of Lancaster, and before him, no one is known to have held the ducal title in England except in Cornwall. John of Gaunt, son of King Edward, was made Earl of Richmond. Lord Ralph, Baron of Stafford, was made Earl of Stafford. Lord Robert de Ufford was made Earl of Suffolk. And a fifteenth was granted to the king in Parliament. In the same year, John of Valois, son of the King of France, was crowned as King of France.
Combat of the Thirty
On 26th March 1351 the Combat of the Thirty was an arranged joust, or melee, between selected combatants from both sides of the conflict, fought at at Guillac, a site midway between the Breton castles of Josselin and Ploërmel among 30 champions, knights, and squires on each side.
Robert Knollys (age 26) took part.
Hugh Calverley (age 27) fought, was captured and ransomed.
The date of the battle sometimes given as the 27th of March 1351. De la Borderie, History of Brittany, vol. III, p. 514, note 4: Up to now, all historians who have written about the Battle of the Thirty have dated it to March 27, 1351. That is also the date inscribed on the commemorative pyramid at Mi-Voie. However, this date is one day off. According to a contemporary poem, the battle was fought on a Saturday, the eve of Laetare Sunday (Jerusalem), that is, the fourth Sunday of Lent. In 1351, Easter fell on April 17, so Laetare Sunday was March 27. Therefore, the eve of that Sunday—the day of the Battle of the Thirty—was not March 27, but March 26. See the title and conclusion of the poem, ed. Crapelet, pp. 13 and 35, and stanza 34, Crapelet p. 30.
Chronicle of Jean le Bel Chapter 86. How thirty Frenchmen fought against thirty Englishmen and Germans under certain agreed conditions in Brittany, and how the English and Germans1 were defeated.
Comment XXX Françoys se combatirent contre XXX que Angloys que Alamans par certaines convenances en Bretaigne, et furent vaincus les Angloys et Alamans.
Note 1. See Froissart, ed. Luce, vol. IV, p. 110, § 335, to p. 115, § 338. In the final paragraph, Froissart speaks of two knights who had taken part in the Combat of the Thirty. Variants, pp. 338 to 341.
Cf. Froissart, éd. Luce, t. IV, p. 110, § 335, à p. 115, § 338. Dans le dernier alinéa, Froissart parle de deux chevaliers qui avaient été au combat des Trente. Variantes, p. 338 à 341.
Bentleys Miscellany Volume 45. The Combat of the Thirty from an old breton lay of the Fourteenth Century by William Harrison Ainsworth.
Battle of Saint-Jean-d'Angély
Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. ... and on the 8th of April, 1351, the Gascons and French encountered each other near Saintes and engaged in a fierce battle. In the end, many French were killed, some turned in flight, and more than 300 French knights and noble men-at-arms were captured there. However, the siege continued, until the besieged, lacking supplies, surrendered under honorable terms. And thus, the town of Saint-Jean-d’Angély was restored to the former control of the King of France.
... et VIIJ die Aprilis, anno Domini millesimo CCCLI, dicti Vasconici et Francigeni, juxta Seyntes, ad invicem obviam sibi dantes, fortiter preeliarunt, et finaliter, multis Francigenis interfectis ac quibusdam eorum in fugam conversis, plus quam CCC milites et nobiles homines armorum Francigenorum capti fuerunt ibidem ; obsidione tamen durante, quousque obsessi, deficientibus sibi victualibus, se bonis conditionibus reddiderunt. Et sic dicta villa Sancti Johannis in potestatem pristinam regis Franciæ est redacta.
Marriage of Charles II King Navarre and Joan Valois
On 12th February 1352 Charles "Bad" II King Navarre (age 19) and Joan Valois Queen Consort Navarre (age 8) were married at Chateau du Vivie, Coutevroult. She by marriage Queen Consort Navarre. She the daughter of King John "The Good" II of France (age 32) and Bonne Luxemburg Queen Consort France. He the son of Philip "Noble" III King Navarre and Joan Capet II Queen Navarre. They were second cousins. He a great x 3 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England.
Battle of Mauron
On 14th August 1352 Guy II de Clermont-Nesle (age 26) was killed at the Battle of Mauron.
Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. 14th August 1352. Reverend Father in God, please you to know that, since my coming into Brittany, tho people that were appointed unto me and I, before that we entered into any stronghold, have ridden abroad on this side and have so much accomplished, praised be God therefor, that the town and castle of Ploérmel and of Fougéres have been right well comforted and victualled, and there hath been taken by assault a stronghold which had been made by the enemy before Fougéres. And, this done, my comrades and I rode through the land against the enemy, until the marshal of France, with all his power of France, Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Poitou, Touraine, Saintogne, and Brittany, with a mighty great number of men of arms and of other folk without number, came against us, near to a town called Mauron, between Rennes and Ploérmel, upon the open fields, without woods, ditches, or other defences; and there we fought with them. And it was on the eve of the Assumption of our Lady, between the hour of vespers and sunset; and, by the grace of God and the righteous cause which He upholdeth, the enemy were sore discomfited and with scarcely loss of men on our side, praised be God therefor. And there were slain there the seneschal of Anjou, the seneschal of Benavent, the viscount of Rohan, my lord John Frère, the lord of Quintin, the lord of Tinténiac, the lord of Rochemont, the lord of Montauban, my lord Reginald of Montauban, my lord Robert Raguenel, my lord William of Launay, my lord Aufray of Montbouchier, my lord William of Vielcastel, my lord William of La Marche, and other knights slain to the number of seven score, with squires which amount unto five hundred dead upon the field, all bearing coat armour, and common folk without number. And there were taken there the lord of Briquebecq, son of the marshal Bertrand, my lord Tristram of Maignelais, the lord of Malestroit, the viscount of Coótmen, my lord Geoffrey of Coeyghem, my lord John of Laval, the lord Incher, my lord Charles of Argeville, my lord John of La Muce, and many other knighte and squires, up to eight score, of whom, as well slain as taken, are full five and forty knights of rank.
Reverent piere en Dieu, vous please savoir qe, puis mon ariver en Bretaigne, lez gentz qe maveient este ordeignez et moy, avaunt entrer en nul forteresse, avons chivachez par decea et avons taunt esploites, loiez ent soit Dieu, qe la ville et le chastiel de Ploermelle et de Founger ount este mult bien oonfortez et vitaillez, et pris par assaut une bastille qavoit este fait par les enemys devaunt Fouger. Et, ceo fait, mes compaignouns et moy chevachons sur le pais sur enemys et taunt ge le marschal du Fraunce, od tut son poar du Fraunce, de Normandie, de Angou, de Maine, de Peyto, de Toraigne, de Xantoigne, et de Bretaigne, ou mult graunt nombre des gentz darmes et dautres gentz sauntz nombre vindrent a lencountre de nous, pres dun ville appelle Maurone, entre Rennes et Ploermelle, sur les plaines champs, saung boys, saunz fossez, od aultre forteresce; et illesqes nous combatoms ovesqe eaux. Et fust la veille de lassumpcion de nostre Dame, entre heure de vespre et solail recussant ; et, par la grace de Dieu et le bon droit qe le maintent, fasrent lez enemys pleinement descomfits et saunz perdre gaires dez gentz de nostre couste, loiez ent soit Dien. Et illesqes fasrent mortz le seneschal Dangou, le seneschal de Bennofyn, le viscounte de Roane, mounsire Johan Frere, le sire de Quyntine, le sire de Tynteneake, le sire de Rogemond, le siro de Montauban, le mounsire Renaud de Moncauban, mounsire Robert Raguenel, monsire William de Lamay, mounsire Aufray de Montboucher, mounsire Guilham de Vielchastel, mounsire Guilliam de la Marche, et autres chivalers mortz jesqes a VIJxx", ou les esquiers qamountent jusqes a D. mortz sur les champs, totes cotes a armer, et de comune people saunz nombre. Et y fusrent pris le sire de Byquebeke, filtz a marschal Bertram, monsire Tristram de Maleloyse, le sire de Malestret, le viscounte de Coyman, mounsire Geaffray de Coayms, mounsire Johan do la Vaale, le sire Incher, mounsire Charles Dargeville, mounsire Johan de la Muce, et plusors aultres chivalers et esquiers, jusqes a VIIJxx, dez queux qe mortz qe pris sount bien jusqes a XLV chivalers de estaille.
Statute of Praemunire
In 1353 the Statute of Praemunire attempted to constrain the power of Rome over the sovereignty of England.
St Scholastica Day Riots
On 10th February 1355, St Scholatica's Day, the St Scholastica Day Riots began at Oxford, Oxfordshire [Map]. What started as a disagreement between students and the landlord over the quality of the wine at the Swindlestock Tavern Carfax Oxford, Oxfordshire grew into a three day riot in which around thirty townspeople and sixty students were killed.
1355 Siege of Berwick
Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. The capture of Berwick by the Scots.
While the events previously described were taking place across the sea, on the 6th day of November [1355], the Scots, in great strength, came secretly to the town of Berwick. At dawn on that day, they stealthily entered the town, taking advantage of the fact that the guards had not been alerted. They killed two or three Englishmen who attempted to resist them, and then took possession of the entire town and all the goods found within it, except for those few who fled to the castle, which they managed to hold and defend.
Captio de Berewyke per Scotos.
Dum prædicta fiebant in partibus transmarinis, VJto, die mensis Novembris, Scoti, in magna potentia apud villam de Berwyke clandestine venientes, in aurora dicte diei dictam villam furtive, non præmunitis custodibus ipsius ville, clanculo sunt ingressi, et, interfectis duobus vel tribus Anglicis nitentibus sibi resistere, totam villam et omnia bona in eadem inventa ceperunt, exceptis quibusdam fugientibus ad castrum, qui illud tenuerunt.
Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. [25th December 1355] On the feast of Saint Andrew [30th November 1355], after the Parliament had concluded, the noble lord king began his journey toward Scotland and held the feast of Christmas at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In the meantime, he caused a great army to be assembled, in preparation for a campaign toward the town of Berwick, which had been captured by the Scots.
In festo vero sancti Andreæ, parliamento completo, dominus nobilis rex iter suum arripuit versus Scociam, et tenuit festum Natalis Domini apud Novum Castrum super Tynam, et interim magnum fecit exercitum congregari ad proficiscendum ad vilam de Berwyk, captam per Scotos.
Chronicle of Robert de Avesbury. How the King of England recaptured the town of Berwick, taken by the Scots.
On the thirteenth day of the month of January, in the aforesaid year of Our Lord, the noble King of England arrived at the castle of Berwick, which was held by the English and commanded by Sir Walter de Manny, knight and captain of the garrison. Before the king’s arrival, Sir Walter had employed more than 120 men from the Forest of Dean and other parts of England to dig a subterranean tunnel, through which the English might enter the town. At dawn, the king ordered that an assault be made upon the Scots in the town from all sides, by sailors from the sea and by others from the land. The Scots, realizing what was about to happen, were struck with fear. Then, some of their leading men cried out to Sir Walter de Manny, who was at that moment walking along the castle walls, preparing with others to launch the attack. They humbly begged him, requesting that he lead them back into the castle, so that they might have a personal audience with the king. With the king’s permission, the Scots were brought before him, where they threw themselves to the ground, confessed that the capture of Berwick had been foolishly undertaken, and, seeking grace and mercy, humbly pleaded that his majesty would be pleased to receive them back into his favor. They then immediately surrendered the town, handing over the keys. The king, in his customary gracious manner, allowed all the Scots to depart freely, and thus he recovered the town quickly and easily, without bloodshed, and brought it once more under his rule.
Qualiter rex Angliæ recuperavit villam de Berwyk captam a Scotis.
Tertio decimo die mensis Januarii, anno prædicto Domini, nobilis rex Angliæ ad castrum de Berewyk, per Anglicos, domino Waltero de Manny milite ipsorum capitaneo, custoditum, pervenit. Ante cujus adventum dictus dominus Walterus habuerat ibidem plusquam CXX homines de foresta de Dene et aliis partibus Angliæ fodientes viam subterraneam, per quam Anglici possent introire in dictam villam. Mane autem facto, dominus rex præcepit quod ad castrum a nautis per mare ab aliisque per terram Scotis in villa undique daretur insultus. Scoti vero, hoc perpendentes, timuerunt, et statim quidam de majoribus ex eisdem clamaverunt ad dictum dominum Walterum de Manny, tunc vagantem super muros castri et parantem se cum alis ad dandum ipsis Scotis insultum, et rogarunt humiliter supplieando quod sibi placeret ipsos in castrum retroducere coram rege, ut possent habere personale colloquium cum eodem. Postea dicti Scoti, de permissione domini regis, ad ipsius præsentiam introducti, se ad terram prosternentes, recognoverunt caprtionem dictæ ville de Berewyk fatue fuisse factam, gratiamque et misericordiam petentes, humiliter supplicarunt quod suæ excellentiæ dignaretur ipsos ad gratiam suam recipere, et dictam villam et claves ipsius sibi liberando protinus reddiderunt. Tunc idem dominus rex, more solito gratiosus, omnes Scotos libere abire permisit, et villam eandem sic cito et leviter sine sanguinis effusione recuperavit, suo imperio subjugatam.
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Edward Balliol surrenders his claim to be King Scotland
On 20th January 1356 King Edward I of Scotland (age 73) surrendered his claim to the Scottish throne to King Edward III of England (age 43) in the presence of William Latimer 4th Baron Latimer of Corby (age 25) in exchange for an English pension.
Battle of Poitiers
On 19th September 1356 the army of Edward "Black Prince" (age 26) defeated the French and Scottish army led by King John "The Good" II of France (age 37) at the Battle of Poitiers
King John "The Good" II of France was captured by three captains including Ivon aka John Fane.
The the English army included: Bernard Brocas (age 26), Thomas Felton (age 26), James Audley (age 38), Thomas Beauchamp 11th Earl Warwick (age 43), Bartholomew "The Younger" Burghesh 2nd Baron Burghesh (age 28), Reginald Cobham 1st Baron Cobham (age 61), Edward Despencer 1st Baron Despencer, Baron Burghesh (age 21), Ralph Ferrers (age 27), William Scrope (age 31), William Montagu 2nd Earl Salisbury (age 28), Walter Paveley 4th Baron Burghesh (age 37), Robert Ufford 1st Earl Suffolk (age 58), William Ufford 2nd Earl Suffolk (age 18), John de Vere 7th Earl of Oxford (age 44), John Willoughby 3rd Baron Willoughby (age 33), Thomas Arderne (age 19), Enion Sais Brecon, John Chandos (age 36), Richard Pembridge (age 36), Jean Grailly (age 25), Robert de Fouleshurst (age 26) and John Sully (age 73)
John Savile of Shelley and Golcar (age 31) probably fought having received letters of protection to travel overseas.
Hugh Courtenay 10th Earl Devon (age 53) protected the baggage train.
The French and Scottish army included: King John "The Good" II of France, Philip "Bold" Valois II Duke Burgundy (age 14), Jean Bourbon I Count La Marche (age 12), Archibald "Grim" Douglas 3rd Earl Douglas (age 26), John "Sans Terre" Artois 1st Count of Eu (age 35); all captured.
Guichard d'Angle 1st Earl Huntingdon and William Douglas 1st Earl Douglas (age 33) fought.
Peter Bourbon Duke Bourbon (age 45) was killed. His son Louis (age 19) succeeded II Duke Bourbon.
Gauthier VI Comte de Brienne (age 54) was killed.
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Chronicle of Henry Knighton. 19th September 1356. And they divided themselves into three battalions. The Earl of Warwick commanded the first battalion, and on the side of the French, the two Marshals of France commanded the first battalion. The second battalion was commanded by Lord Dauphin of Vienne, with his brother the Duke of Orléans, and it was the strongest. In the third battalion was the King of France, with 2,000 of the most select armed men in all France. Lord Geoffrey de Charny bore the red banner, which was the sign of death. The King of France issued an order that no Englishman was to be spared, except for the Prince himself. The Cardinals, before the battle, climbed up a certain hill nearby to watch the outcome of the battle. Now the first French battalion engaged with the Earl of Warwick, but was quickly subdued by the English archers. Marshal Clermont was killed, along with many others, as will be mentioned below. The Earl of Warwick pursued the fleeing enemies, killing some and capturing others. Meanwhile, the second French battalion arrived and joined battle with the Prince of Wales, fighting very fiercely through a hedge. The English became very weary due to the intensity of the combat, and their weapons were badly damaged. The fighting was so strong and hard that the archers, having run out of arrows, picked up stones, and with swords and lances, and whatever they could grab, they fought on. They defended themselves with clever and courageous hearts, and it is astonishing to tell. But finally, as God willed, the French took to flight. And while the English stood tired, catching their breath and hoping they had won victory over all their enemies, King John of France suddenly arrived with a huge force, leading a battalion against the Prince, who at that moment had only a few men with him, as the others were chasing the fleeing enemies. As the French began to engage the Prince's line, the Earl of Warwick returned from the pursuit with his full force, and attacked the flank of the French king's army, and fought bravely. And thus, by the grace of God and not by human strength, the victory was granted to the Prince, and he emerged victorious from the battle, capturing the King of France and his younger son Philip, the Count of Poitiers, and many other nobles.
Et diviserunt se in tres acies. Comes de Warwych habuit primam aciem et ex parte Francorum duo marescalli Franciæ habuerunt primam aciem. Secundam aciem dominus Dolfynus de Vienna cum fratre suo duce de Orlyons cum majori fortitudine. In tertia acie erat rex Francie cum IJ mille de electioribus armatis totius Franciæ. Dominus Galfridus Charneys bajulavit vexillum rubium quod erat mortis signiferum. Rex Franciæ edidit præceptum ne quis Anglicus vitæ reservaretur solo principe excepto. Cardinales ante prælium ascenderunt in quendam montem prope ut viderent eventum belli. Jam prima acies Franciæ congreditur cum comite Warwych, sed cito per sagittarios subpeditati sunt. Et Marescallus Clermont occisus est et multi alii ut infra dicetur Comes de Warwych insequebatur fugientes et quosdam occidit et quosdam cepit prisonarios. Medio tempore venit secunda acies Francorum et miscuerunt cum principe Walliæ, et pugnaverunt nimis! acriter infra unam sepem, et Anglici devenerunt multum lassi præ gravedine certaminis, et arma eorum nimis laceratn. Et tam fortis et dura extitit pugna quod sagittarii pra defectu sagittarum sustulerunt lapides, et cum gladiis et lanceis, et quicquid possent arripere pugnaverunt, et sic se corde sagaci mirabile dictu defenderunt; sed tandem sicut deus voluit Franci fugam arripuerunt, et dum Anglici starent lassi se refocillantes et sperantes victoriam reportasse de suis inimicis omnibus, supervenit Johannes rex Franciæ cum ingenti fortitudine aciem dirigens versus principem qui paucos ea hora secum habebat, quia laborabant super inimicos fugientes. Dum igitur ccepissent Franci aciem miscere supervenit comes de Warewych rediens de fugatione inimicorum cum integro exercitu suo, et opposuit se a latere exercitus regis Francim et strenue pugnaverunt, et sic per gratiam dei et non humana virtute victoria. cessit principi et prælii reportavit principatum, et rex captus est et filius ejus Philippus, junior, comes de Peyters et magnates plurimi.
Bourgeois de Valciennes. In the year of grace 1356, on the 19th day of September, King John of France went with a full 50,000 men towards Poitiers to fight the Prince of Wales, son of King Edward of England, who was in those parts with a full 7,000 men. And there took place a very bloody, very fierce, and most marvelous and perilous battle. In it, the King of France and his company were defeated. The said King of France was captured, along with his son Philip, Lord Jacques of Bourbon, the Count of Eu, the Count of Joinville and of Vaudémont, the Count of Joigny, the Count of Mont-Ventadour and of Montpensier, the Count of Longueville, the Count of Brose, the Count of Dammartin, the Count of Étampes, the chamberlain Count of Tancarville, and so many other knights and barons that the English were completely overwhelmed and troubled just to guard and keep them as prisoners. There were well 1,200 men-at-arms killed, both lords and knights and others. And there were as many as 800 captured, all of great renown.
En I'an de grâce mil IIIc et LVI, le XIXe jour de septembre, s'en alla le roy Jehan de France a tout bien L mil hommes vers Poitiers pour combatre le prince de Galles, fils du roy Edouart d'Engleterre, lequel prince estoit en ces marches-là tout bien VII mil hommes, et yllec eult très-crueuse, très-fière et très-mervilleuse et périlleuse bataille. Et y fut desconfit le roy de France et sa compaignie. Et y fut prins le dit roy de France, et avoec luy Philippe, son fils, monseigneur Jaques de Bourbon, le conte d'Eu, le conte de Jenville et do Waudymont, le conte de Jony, le conte de Mont-Ventadour et de Montpensier, le conte de Longueville, le conte de Brose, le conte de Dammartin, le conte d'Estampes, le conte cambrelens de Tancarville et tant daultres chevaliers et barcnnie que les Englecgs estoient tous ensonyés et empeschiés de les garder et tenir prisonniers. Et y eult bien ochis le nombre de XIIc hommes d’armes, que seigneurs et chevaliers, que aultres. Et s'y en y eult de prins bien le nombre de VIIIe, tous de renommée.
34th Parliament Edward III
On 15th December 1357 Gerard Lisle 1st Baron Lisle (age 53) was created 1st Baron Lisle of Kingston Lisle in Oxfordshire.
1358 St Georges Day Celebrations
On 21st April 1358 Isabella of France Queen Consort England (age 63) attended the St Georges Day Celebrations (1358) wearing a dress made of silk, silver, 300 rubies, 1800 pearls and a circlet of gold.
Death of Isabella of France
On 22nd August 1358 Isabella of France Queen Consort England (age 63) died at Hertford Castle [Map]; see Archaeologia Vol. 35 XXXIII. She was buried in Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map].
The funeral was performed by Archbishop Simon Islip. She was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding and at her request, Edward's heart, placed into a casket thirty years before, was interred with her.
Archaeologia Volume 35 1853 XXXIII. On the 21st [Aug 1358] the Countess of Warren (age 62) arrived at the Castle [Map], and remained during the following day, to attend at the death-bed of Queen Isabella (age 63), who expired on the 22nd of August. Sir John de Wynewyk also supped at the castle on the day of the Queen's death.
Respecting Isabella's death, she is stated by chroniclers to have sunk, in the course of a single day, under the effect of a too powerful medicine, administered at her own desire. From several entries however in this account, it would appear that she had been in a state requiring medical treatment for some time previous to her decease.
As early as the 15th of February a payment had been made to a messenger going on three several occasions to London, for divers medicines for the Queen, and for the hire of a horse for Master Lawrence, the physician; and again for another journey by night to London. On the same day a second payment was made to the same messenger for two other journeys by night to London, and two to St. Alban's, to procure medicines for the Queen. On the 1st of August a payment was made to Nicholas Thomasyn apothecary, of London, for divers spices and ointment supplied for the Queen's use. On the 12th of August messengers were paid for several night journeys to London for medicines. On the 20th of August, two days only before the Queen's death, payment was made to a messenger who had been sent to London to fetch Master Simon de Bredon "ad videndum statum Reginæ1." Increased alarm for the Queen's health is now visible, for by a payment made on the 24th of August, two days after her death, it appears that a messenger had been sent to Canterbury "cum maxima festinatione2" with letters of the Queen, to bring Master Lawrence, the physician, to see the Queen's state. And another entry occurs of a payment made on the 12th of September to Master Lawrence, of forty shillings, for attendance on the Queen and the Queen of Scotland, at Hertford, for an entire month. Finally an allowance is made to the accountant, on the 6th of December, in terms which, as they are somewhat obscure, I prefer to quote in the original words, "Magistro Johanni Gateneys, de dono, in precio xv. florenorum de xl. denariis, sibi liberatorum in vita Reginæ, ad decoquend' cum medicinis pro corpore Reginæ3, l. s."
It is evident that the body of the Queen remained in the chapel of the Castle until the 23rd of November, as a payment is made to fourteen poor persons for watching the Queen's corpse there, day and night, from Saturday the 25th of August to that date, each of them receiving two pence daily, besides his food. The body was probably removed from Hertford Castle on the 24th of November, as we find, by the continuation of the Account of the expenses of the household, that on the 22nd and 23rd the Bishop of Lincoln, the Abbot of Waltham (? ), the Prior of Coventry, and "plures extranei4" were there for the performance of a solemn mass in the chapel; and the daily expenditure on those days, and on the 24th, rises from the average of six pounds to fifteen and twenty-five pounds. Moreover, from the 25th to the 28th of November the household is in London, after which it returns again to Hertford. The statement, therefore, of chroniclers that the Queen's funeral took place on the 27th is confirmed. She was interred in the choir of the church of the Grey Friars [Map], within Newgate, now Christ Church, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiating, and the King (age 45) himself being present at the ceremony. Just twenty-eight years before, on nearly the same day, the body of her paramour Mortimer was consigned to its grave in the same building
Note 1. "to see the state of the Queen".
Note 2. "with the greatest haste".
Note 3. "to see the state of the Queen's Master John Gateneys, of the gift, at the price of xv. 40 florins denarii, which had been delivered to him during the Queen's lifetime, to be decoctioned together with the medicines for the Queen's body".
Note 4. "many strangers".
Double Royal Wedding
In May 1359 King Edward III of England (age 46) and his son Edward "Black Prince" (age 28) took part in a tournament in London. For the amusement of the citizens both Edwards and their friends dressed as the mayor and aldermen of London. The tournament possibly in celebration of the two Royal marriages of his children John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster (age 19) and Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Pembroke (age 12) on 19th May 1359.
On 19th May 1359, or thereabouts, a double-royal wedding celebration took place at Reading Abbey, Berkshire [Map] whereby two children of King Edward III of England (age 46) were married:
John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster (age 19) and Blanche Duchess of Lancaster (age 17) were married. She by marriage Countess Richmond. She the daughter of Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 49) and Isabel Beaumont Duchess Lancaster (age 39). He the son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault Queen Consort England (age 44). They were half second cousin once removed. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.
John Hastings 2nd Earl Pembroke (age 11) and Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Pembroke (age 12) were married. At the time John Hastings 2nd Earl Pembroke was a ward of King Edward III of England who would enjoy the benefit of the substantial revenue of the Earldom of Pembroke until John came of age nine years later in 1368. She died two or so years later probably of plague. She the daughter of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault Queen Consort England. He the son of Laurence Hastings 1st Earl Pembroke and Agnes Mortimer Countess of Pembroke (age 42). They were half fourth cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King John of England.
Funeral of William Greystoke
After 10th July 1359 William Greystoke 2nd Baron Greystoke (deceased) was buried at St Andrew's Church, Greystoke [Map] during the Funeral of William Greystoke conducted by Bishop Gilbert Welton and attended by Roger Clifford 5th Baron Clifford (age 26), Henry Scrope 1st Baron Scrope of Masham (age 46) and Thomas Musgrave 1st Baron Musgrave (age 57).
de Bohun Fitzalan Double Wedding
In September 1359, a case of Marriage of Two Sets of Siblings, siblings from the de Bohun family, children of William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton (age 49), his only children, and the Fitzalan family, children of , were married:
Richard Fitzalan 9th Earl of Surrey 4th or 11th Earl of Arundel (age 13) and Elizabeth Bohun Countess Arundel and Surrey (age 9) were married. She the daughter of William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth Badlesmere Countess Northampton. He the son of Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey (age 53) and Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey (age 40). They were third cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great granddaughter of King Edward I of England.
Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton (age 18) and Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton (age 12) were married. She the daughter of Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey and Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey. He the son of William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth Badlesmere Countess Northampton. They were third cousins. He a great grandson of King Edward I of England. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.