Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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Paternal Family Tree: Stewart
Maternal Family Tree: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 1557-1631
Descendants Family Tree: Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia 1596-1662
On 23rd November 1589 [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 23) and [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 14) were married at Bishop's Palace. She by marriage Queen Consort Scotland. She the daughter of [her grandfather] Frederick II King of Denmark and [her grandmother] Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark (age 32). He the son of [her grandfather] Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart and [her grandmother] Mary Queen of Scots. They were third cousin once removed. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland.
On 19th August 1596 Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia was born to [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 30) and [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 21) at Falkland Palace, Falkland, Fife.
On 28th November 1596 Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia was christened at Chapel Royal, Holyrood House, Holyrood.
In 1599 Catherine Knyvet Countess Suffolk (age 35) was appointed Keeper of the Jewels to [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 24).
On 5th February 1600 John Gordon 13th Earl Sutherland (age 24) and Agnes Elphinstone were married. The marriage was celebrated ovre two days at his lodgings Royal Mint aka Cunyiehous. [her father] King James VI of Scotland (age 33) and [her mother] Queen Anne of Denmark (age 25) were house guests. As wedding gifts, James VI gave Agnes and Jean Elphinstone suites of gold and pearl accessories comprising, a necklace, a belt, and back and fore "garnishings" for their hair, which cost £1,333-6s-8d Scots. He the son of Alexander Gordon 12th Earl Sutherland. They were fourth cousin once removed.
On 5th August 1600. The Gowrie Conspiracy was an attempt by John Ruthven 3rd Earl Gowrie (age 23) and his brother Alexander Ruthven (age 20) to kill [her father] King James I (age 34). He, King James, had had their father William Ruthven 1st Earl Gowrie executed for his part in the Raid of Ruthven eighteen years earlier.
The attempt was botched. John Ruthven 3rd Earl Gowrie and Alexander Ruthven were killed, the former by John Ramsay 1st Earl Holderness (age 20).
William Ruthven fled to France.
Patrick Ruthven was imprisoned for nineteen years at the Tower of London [Map].
On 23rd December 1600 [her brother] the future King Charles I was baptised at Holyrood Palace [Map]. He was created Duke Albany.
In 1603 [her uncle] Christian IV King of Denmark (age 25) was appointed 394th Knight of the Garter by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 36)..
In 1603 Anne Keilway Baroness Harington (age 49) and her daughter Lucy Harrington Countess Bedford (age 23) travelled to Scotland to gain favour with the new Queen [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 28). She was subsequently appointed Lady of the Bedchamber and governess to Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 6).
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 24th March 1603 [her brother] Henry Frederick Stewart Prince of Wales (age 9) was created Duke of Cornwall.
On 24th March 1603 Elizabeth I (age 69) died at Richmond Palace [Map] around three in the morning. Her first cousin twice removed [her father] James (age 36) succeeded I King England Scotland and Ireland.
Immediately following her death Robert Carey 1st Earl Monmouth (age 43) started on horseback for Edinburgh to inform King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland arriving at Holyrood Palace [Map] late on the 26 Mar 1603. His conduct met with general disapproval and merited censure as contrary to all decency, good manners and respect. George Carew and Thomas Lake (age 35) were sent by the Council to formally inform James of her death.
On 14th June 1603 [her brother] Henry Frederick Stewart Prince of Wales (age 9) was appointed 393rd Knight of the Garter by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 36).
On 18th June 1603 William Skipwith (age 39) met [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 28) at Worksop Manor, and she and her son [her brother] Prince Henry (age 9) went on to stay in his house at Leicester on 23rd June 1603, despite fears of plague. Princess Elizabeth (age 6) stayed at the house of Mr Pilkington.
On 21st July 1603 [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 37) created a number of new Baronies...
Thomas Egerton (age 63) was created 1st Baron Ellesmere. Alice Spencer Countess Derby (age 54) by marriage Baroness Ellesmere.
Robert Spencer (age 33) was created 1st Baron Spencer Wormleighton.
John Harrington (age 63) was created 1st Baron Harington of Exton. Anne Keilway Baroness Harington (age 49) by marriage Baroness Harington of Exton.
On 25th July 1603 [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 37) was crowned I King England Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey [Map].
Charles Howard 1st Earl Nottingham (age 67) was appointed Lord High Steward.
On 26th July 1603 Thomas Bennett (age 60) and Thomas Cambell (age 67) were knighted.
On 27th July 1603 William Wrey 1st Baronet was knighted at Whitehall Palace [Map].
On 30th July 1603 Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond was knighted at Whitehall Palace [Map].
Bishop Thomas Bilson (age 56) gave the sermon. While the wording conceded something to the divine right of kings, it also included a caveat about lawful resistance to a monarch.
On 5th January 1605 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 4) was created 1st Duke York and Knight of the Bath by his father [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 38)
Francis Manners 6th Earl of Rutland (age 27) and Thomas Somerset 1st Viscount Somerset (age 26) was @@appointed Knight of the Bath.
On 27th December 1605 Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 21) and Susan Vere Countess Montgomery (age 18) were married at Whitehall. The bride was escorted into the church by the [her mother] Queen's (age 31) brother [her uncle] Prince Ulrik Oldenburg (age 26) and her son [her brother] Henry Frederick Stewart Prince of Wales (age 11). She the daughter of Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford and Anne Cecil Countess of Oxford. He the son of Henry Herbert 2nd Earl Pembroke and Mary Sidney Countess Pembroke (age 44).
Nugae Antiquitae Volume 1 Page 371. [6th January 1606]. Lord Harington (age 66) to Sir John Harington, at Bathe.
Much respected Cosin,
Our great care and honourable charge, entrusted to us by the Kings Majesty, hath been matter of so much concern, that it almost effaced the attention to kyn or friend. With Gods assistance we hope to do our Lady Elizabeth (age 9)1 such service as is due to her princely endowments and natural abilities; both which appear the sweet dawning of future comfort to her royal father. The late divilish conspiracy2 did much disturb this part. The King hath got at much truth from the mouths of the crew themselves; for guilt hath no peace, nor can there be guilt like theirs. One hath confessed that he had many meetings at Bathe about this hellish design; you will do his Majesty unspeakable kindness, to watch in your neighbourhood, and give such intelligence as may furnish inquiry. We know of some evil-minded catholics in the west, whom the prince of darkness hath in alliance; God ward them from such evil, or seeking it to others. Ancient history doth shew the heart of man in divers forms: we read of states overthrown by craft and subtilty; of Princes slain in field and closet; of strange machinations devised by the natural bent of evil hearts; but no page can tell such a horrid tale as this. Well doth the wise man say, that "the wicked imagineth mischeif in secret." What, dear cosin, coud be more secret or more wicked? A wise King and wise council of a nation at one blow destroyed in such wise as was now intended, is not matchable. It shameth Caligula, Erostratus, Nero, and Domitian, who were but each of them fly-killers to these wretches. Can it be said that religion did suggest these designs; did the spirit of truth work in these mens hearts? How much ia their guilt encreasd by such protesting! I cannot but mark the just appointment of Heaven in the punishing of these desperate men, who fled to our neighbourhood; you hear they sufferd themselves by the very means they had contrived for others. A barrel of gunpowder was set on fire during the time that the house was besieged, and killed two or three on the spot; so just is the vengeance of God! I have seen some of the chief [Robert Catesby and Thomas Percy], and think they bear an evil mark in their foreheads, for more terrible countenances never were looked upon. His Majesty did sometime desire to see these men, but said he felt himself sorely appaird at the thought, and so forbare. I am not yet recoverd from the fever occasioned by these disturbances. I went with Sir Fulk Grevile (age 51)3 to alarm the neighbourhood, and surprize the villains, who came to Holbach; was out five days in peril of death, in fear for the great charge I left at home. Wynter4 hath confessed their design to surprize the Princess at my house, if their wickedness had taken place at London. Some of them say, she woud have been proclaimed Queen. Her Highness doth often say, "What a Queen shoud I have been by this means? I had rather have been with my royal father in the Parliament-house, than wear his crown on such condition." This poor lady hath not yet recoverd the surprize, and is very ili and troubled.
Note 1. Daughter of [her father] James I (age 39), afterward Queen of Bohemia.
Note 2. The gunpowder-plot.
Note 3. Afterward Lord Brooke, who was "stabbed to death with a knife by his servant, Sept. 1, 1628." Smith's Obituary in Bibl. Sloan.
Note 4. There were two Winters concerned ip this conspiracy, Thomas and Robert (age 38).
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In 1607 Robert "The Elder" Peake (age 56) was appointed Sarjeant Painter to [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 40) sharing the office with John Critz (age 56).
On 16th September 1607 [her sister] Princess Mary Stewart (age 2) died of pneumonia at the Stanwell Park Stanwell, Surrey home of Thomas Knyvet 1st Baron Knyvet (age 62) in whose care she had been placed. As soon as Mary died, the Earl of Worcester (age 57), the Earl of Leicester (age 43) and the Earl of Totnes (age 52) went to Hampton Court Palace [Map], to inform the [her mother] Queen (age 32) of her daughter's death. Seeing the three men before her, Queen Anne realized what had happened and spared the men the task of telling her.
In 1610 Robert "The Elder" Peake (age 59). Portrait of Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 13).
On 1st June 1610 [her brother] Prince Frederick (age 16) was created Prince of Wales and 1st Earl Chester. Peregrine Bertie (age 26) was appointed Knight of the Bath.
On 5th June 1610 the Tethy's Festival Masque was performed at Whitehall Palace [Map] to celebrate the investiture of [her brother] Prince Frederick (age 16) as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Samuel Daniel at the request of the [her mother] Queen (age 35), who appeared in person as Tethys a goddess of the sea. Inigo Jones (age 36) designed the staging and scenery.
[her brother] Prince Charles (age 9) took the part of Zephyrus,.
Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 13) appeared as the companion or daughter of Tethys, the "Nymph of Thames",.
Arabella Stewart (age 35) took the part of the "Nymph of Trent",.
Alethea Talbot Countess Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk (age 25) as "Nymph of Arun".
Elizabeth Vere Countess Derby (age 34) as "Nymph of Derwent",.
Frances Howard Countess Essex and Somerset (age 20) as "Nymph of Lee",.
Anne Clifford Countess Dorset and Pembroke (age 20) as "Nymph of Air",.
Susan Vere Countess Montgomery (age 23) as "Nymph of Severn",.
Elizabeth Radclyffe Viscountess Haddington as "Nymph of Rother",.
Elizabeth Talbot Countess Kent (age 28) as "Nymph of Medway",.
Four sisters, daughters of Edward Somerset 4th Earl of Worcester (age 60) and Elizabeth Hastings Countess of Worcester (age 64), danced as the rivers of Monmouthshire:
Catherine Somerset Baroness Windsor (age 35) the "Nymph of Usk".
Katherine Somerset Baroness Petre (age 35) the "Nymph of Olwy".
Elizabeth Somerset (age 20) the "Nymph of Dulesse" (Dulas), and.
Mary Wintour the "Nymph of Wye".
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On 22nd June 1610 William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset (age 22) and Arabella Stewart (age 35) were married in secret at Palace of Placentia, Greenwich [Map]. For having married without permission [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 44) had Arabella Stewart imprisoned in Sir Thomas Perry's House, Lambeth and he in the Tower of London [Map]. She the daughter of Charles Stewart 5th Earl Lennox and Elizabeth Cavendish Countess Lennox. They were third cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland.
On 19th September 1610 [her future husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 14) was elected V Elector Palatine Rhine.
In 1611 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 10) was appointed 405th Knight of the Garter by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 44).
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
On 24th March 1611 Robert Carr 1st Earl Somerset (age 24) was created 1st Viscount Rochester and admitted to the Privy Council. Robert Carr 1st Earl Somerset was now the [her father] Kings (age 44) favourite.
On 22nd May 1611 the first Baronets were created by [her father] James I (age 44)
Walter Aston 1st Baronet (age 27) was created 1st Baronet Aston of Tixall.
Nicolas Bacon (age 71) was created 1st Baronet Bacon of Redgrave in Suffolk. The Premier Baronet being the first creation.
Henry Belasyse 1st Baronet (age 55) was created 1st Baronet Belasyse of Newborough.
George Booth (age 54) was created 1st Baronet Booth of Dunham Massey. Katherine Anderson Lady Dunham Massey (age 43) by marriage Lady Booth of Dunham Massey.
Edward Carr (age 68) was created 1st Baronet Carr of Sleaford in Lincolnshire. Anne Dyer Lady Carr by marriage Lady Carr of Sleaford in Lincolnshire.
Gervase Clifton 1st Baronet (age 23) was created 1st Baronet Clifton of Clifton in Nottinghamshire.
Moyle Finch 1st Baronet (age 61) was created 1st Baronet Finch of Eastwell in Kent. Elizabeth Heneage 1st Countess Winchelsea (age 54) by marriage Lady Finch of Eastwell in Kent.
Thomas Gerard 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Gerard of Bryn in Lancashire.
Henry Hobart 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Hobart of Intwood in Norfolk. Dorothy Bell Lady Hobart by marriage Lady Hobart of Intwood in Norfolk.
Richard Hoghton 1st Baronet (age 40) was created 1st Baronet Hoghton of Hoghton Tower in Lancashire.
Phillip Knyvet (age 41) was created 1st Baronet Knyvet of Buckenham in Norfolk.
Thomas Mansel 1st Baronet (age 55) was created 1st Baronet Mansel of Margam.
Thomas Pelham 1st Baronet (age 71) was created 1st Baronet Pelham of Laughton. Mary Walsingham Baroness Pelham Laughton (age 47) by marriage Lady Pelham of Laughton.
John Peyton 1st Baronet (age 50) was created 1st Baronet Peyton of Isleham.
George Savile 1st Baronet (age 61) was created 1st Baronet Savile of Thornhill.
John Shelley of Mitchelgrove 1st Baronet was created 1st Baronet Shelley of Mitchelgrove in Sussex.
George Shirley 1st Baronet (age 52) was created 1st Baronet Shirley of Staunton Harold in Leicestershire. Dorothy Wroughton Lady Shirley (age 41) by marriage Lady Shirley of Staunton Harold in Leicestershire.
John St John (age 25) was created 1st Baronet St John Lydiard Tregoze in Wiltshire.
John Stradling 1st Baronet (age 48) was created 1st Baronet Stradling of St Donats in Glamorganshire.
Thomas Temple 1st Baronet (age 44) was created 1st Baronet Temple of Stowe.
Lionel Tollemache 1st Baronet (age 48) was created 1st Baronet Talmash of Helmingham in Suffolk.
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On 29th June 1611 another tranche of Baronets were created by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 45)...
Francis Barrington 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Barrington of Barrington Hall.
Thomas Bendish 1st Baronet (age 43) was created 1st Baronet Bendish of Steeple Bumstead in Essex.
Robert Cholmondeley 1st Earl Leinster (age 27) was created 1st Baronet Cholmondley of Cholmondeley. Catherine Stanhope Countess Leinster by marriage Lady Cholmondley of Cholmondeley.
Anthony Cope 1st Baronet (age 63) was created 1st Baronet Cope of Hanwell in Oxfordshire. Anne Paston Lady Hanwell (age 58) by marriage Lady Cope of Hanwell in Oxfordshire.
William Constable 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Constable of Flamborough in Yorkshire.
Robert Bruce Cotton 1st Baronet (age 40) was created 1st Baronet Cotton of Conington in Huntingdonshire.
George Gresley 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Gresley of Drakelow in Derbyshire. Susan Ferrers Lady Gresley by marriage Lady Gresley of Drakelow in Derbyshire.
Edward Hales 1st Baronet (age 35) was created 1st Baronet Hales of Woodchurch and Tunstall.
James Harrington 1st Baronet (age 69) was created 1st Baronet Harington of Ridlington in Rutlandshire.
Edward Hussey 1st Baronet (age 25) was created 1st Baronet Hussey of Honington in Lincolnshire.
William Kniveton 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Kniveton of Mercaston in Derbyshire.
Henry Lee 1st Baronet (age 40) was created 1st Baronet Lee of Quarrendon in Buckinghamshire.
Thomas Mildmay 1st Baronet (age 38) was created 1st Baronet Mildmay of Moulsham.
John Molyneux 1st Baronet (age 30) was created 1st Baronet Molyneux of Teversall in Nottinghamshire.
Richard Molyneux 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Molyneux of Sefton. Frances Gerard Lady Molyneux (age 42) by marriage Lady Molyneux of Sefton.
Thomas Monson 1st Baronet (age 46) was created 1st Baronet Monson of Carleton in Lincolnshire.
Estrange Mordaunt 1st Baronet (age 39) was created 1st Baronet Mordaunt of Massingham Parva.
Charles Morrison 1st Baronet (age 24) was created 1st Baronet Morrison of Cashiobury. Mary Hicks Lady Cooper and Morrison by marriage Lady Morrison of Cashiobury.
Richard Musgrave 1st Baronet (age 26) was created 1st Baronet Musgrave of Hartley Castle in Westmoreland.
Samuel Peyton 1st Baronet (age 20) was created 1st Baronet Peyton of Knowlton in Kent.
John Savage 1st Baronet (age 61) was created 1st Baronet Savage of Rocksavage in Cheshire.
Henry Savile 1st Baronet (age 32) was created 1st Baronet Savile of Methley.
William Sedley 1st Baronet (age 53) was created 1st Baronet Sedley of Ailesford in Kent.
Edward Seymour 1st Baronet (age 48) was created 1st Baronet Seymour of Berry Pomeroy. Elizabeth Champernowne Baroness Seymour by marriage Lady Seymour of Berry Pomeroy.
Thomas Spencer 1st Baronet (age 26) was created 1st Baronet Spencer of Yarnton in Oxfordshire.
George St Paul 1st Baronet (age 49) was created 1st Baronet St Paul in Snarford in Lincolnshire. Frances Wray Countess Warwick by marriage Lady St Paul in Snarford in Lincolnshire.
Lewis Tresham 1st Baronet (age 36) was created 1st Baronet Tresham of Rushton in Northamptonshire.
John Tufton 1st Baronet (age 67) was created 1st Baronet Tufton of Hothfield.
William Twysden 1st Baronet (age 45) was created 1st Baronet Twysden of Roydon in Kent. Anne Finch Lady Twysden (age 37) by marriage Lady Twysden of Roydon in Kent.
John Wentworth 1st Baronet (age 28) was created 1st Baronet Wentworth of Gosfield. Catherine Finch Lady Wentworth (age 23) by marriage Lady Wentworth of Gosfield.
William Wentworth 1st Baronet (age 49) was created 1st Baronet Wentworth of Wentworth Woodhouse in Yorkshire.
Henry Willoughby 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Willoughby of Risley in Derbyshire.
Philip Wodehouse 1st Baronet was created 1st Baronet Woodhouse of Wilberhall. Note. Date uncertain.
Richard Worsley 1st Baronet (age 22) was created 1st Baronet Worsley of Appuldurcombe.
John Wynn 1st Baronet (age 58) was created 1st Baronet Wynn of Gwydir.
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On 24th September 1611 a further tranche of Baronets was created by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 45)...
Robert Napier 1st Baronet (age 51) was created 1st Baronet Napier of Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire.
Thomas Penyston 1st Baronet (age 20) was created 1st Baronet Penyston of Leigh in Iden in Sussex. Martha Temple Lady Penyston (age 16) by marriage Lady Penyston of Leigh in Iden in Sussex.
On 25th November 1611 a further tranche of Baronets was created by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 45)...
Edward Devereux 1st Baronet (age 67) was created 1st Baronet Devereux of Castle Bromwich. Catherine Arden Baroness Devereux (age 53) by marriage Lady Devereux of Castle Bromwich.
Francis Englefield 1st Baronet (age 50) was created 1st Baronet Englefield of Wootton Bassett in Wiltshire.
Harbottle Grimston 1st Baronet (age 42) was created 1st Baronet Grimston of Bradfield.
John Portman 1st Baronet (age 36) was created 1st Baronet Portman of Orchard Portman in Somerset.
William Wray 1st Baronet (age 56) was created 1st Baronet Wray of Glentworth in Lincolnshire. Frances Drury Lady Glentworth (age 35) by marriage Lady Wray of Glentworth in Lincolnshire.
Thomas Puckering 1st Baronet (age 19) was created 1st Baronet Puckering of Weston in Hertfordshire.
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Before 1612 John Eyre (age 31) was appointed Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and received a gift of £500 from [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 45). He served to at least 1632.
Around 1612 Henry Vane "The Elder" (age 22) and Frances Darcy (age 21) were married. She being one of the heirs, possibly the only heir, of her father Thomas Darcy. She brought considerable wealth to the marriage as evidenced by Henry's subsequent spending on court positions. Immediately after the marriage Vane writes... I put myself into court, and bought a carver's place by means of the friendship of Sir Thomas Overbury (age 31), which cost me £5,000.' Next year he devoted the £3,000 of his wife's portion to purchasing from Sir Edward Gorges a third part of the subpoena office in chancery, and later so ingratiated himself with the [her father] king (age 45) that James gave him the reversion of the whole office for forty years.
On 6th November 1612 [her brother] Henry Frederick Stewart Prince of Wales (age 18) died. Earl Chester extinct. The death of the heir to the throne significant; compare William Adelin Duke Normandy, Edward "Black Prince", Prince Arthur Tudor, Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales, perhaps Edward York Prince of Wales.
After 6th November 1612 Unknown Painter. Portrait of Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 16). Elizabeth's standing collar of reticella is worked with the Royal coat of arms with its lion and unicorn supporters. She wears a gown of Italian silk brocade. The black armband is thought to be a sign of mourning for her brother [her brother] Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (deceased) who died on 06 November 1612.
Before 14th February 1613 [her future husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 16) was appointed 408th Knight of the Garter by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 46).
On 14th February 1613 Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 16) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 16) were married at Chapel Royal, Whitehall Palace. She the daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 46) and Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 38). He the son of Frederick IV Elector Palatine and Electress Louise Juliana of the Palatine Rhine (age 36). They were fourth cousin once removed.
A grand occasion that saw more royalty than ever visit the court of England. The marriage was an enormously popular match and was the occasion for an outpouring of public affection with the ceremony described as "a wonder of ceremonial and magnificence even for that extravagant age".
It was celebrated with lavish and sophisticated festivities both in London and Heidelberg, including mass feasts and lavish furnishings that cost nearly £50,000, and nearly bankrupted King James. Among many celebratory writings of the events was John Donne's (age 41) "Epithalamion, Or Marriage Song on the Lady Elizabeth, and Count Palatine being married on St Valentine's Day".
After 20th February 1613 [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 16) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 16) commenced their journey to his home at Heidelburg. They visited Prince Maurice I of Orange (age 45). They arrived in Heidelburg on 12th June 1613 amidst widespread celebration.
John Harington 1st Baron Harington (age 73) and Anne Keilway Baroness Harington (age 59)
Sisters Elizabeth Apsley and Alice Apsley travelled as Maids of Honour to Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia.
On 6th May 1613 Gervase Helwys (age 51) was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 46) having been recommended by Henry Howard 1st Earl of Northampton (age 73). Gervase Helwys paid £2000 for the appointment of which £1400 went to Henry Howard 1st Earl of Northampton and £300 to Thomas Monson 1st Baronet (age 48), Master of the Armory in the Tower, and a friend of Gervase Helwys.
On 1st January 1614 [her son] Frederick Henry Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 17) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 17). He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 3rd February 1614 Robert Ker 1st Earl Roxburghe (age 44) and Jean Drummond Countess Roxburghe (age 29) were married at Somerset House [Map]. She, Jean, was the sister of his son-in-law John Drummond 2nd Earl Perth (age 26) who had married his daughter Jean Ker Countess Perth. The wedding was attended by the [her father] King (age 47) and [her mother] Queen (age 39). There was a masque Hymen's Triumph written by Samuel Daniel.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
After August 1614 George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham (age 21) was appointed Cupbearer to [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 48).
On 4th November 1616 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 15) was created Prince of Wales. Robert Radclyffe 5th Earl of Sussex (age 43) carried the Purple Ermined Robe.
James Wriothesley (age 11), brothers Robert Howard (age 32) and William Howard, George Berkeley 8th Baron Berkeley (age 15), Henry Carey 1st Viscount Falkland (age 41) and John Cavendish were appointed Knight of the Bath.
In 1617 Archbishop John Williams (age 34) was appointed Chaplain to [her father] King James I (age 50).
On 5th January 1617 George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham (age 24) was created 1st Earl Buckingham by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 50); his favourite.
On 22nd September 1617 [her son] Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 21) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 21) at Heidelburg. He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. He married (1) 22nd February 1650 Charlotte Hesse-Kassel, daughter of Landgrave William V of Hesse-Kassel, and had issue (2) 6th January 1658 Maria Susanne Luise von Degenfeld and had issue.
On 29th September 1617 John Villiers 1st Viscount Purbeck (age 26) and Frances Coke Viscountess Purbeck (age 15) were married at Hampton Court Palace, Richmond [Map]. [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 51) gave away the bride. He the son of George Villiers of Brokesby and Mary Beaumont 1st Countess Buckingham (age 47).
On 2nd October 1617 Edward Fitton 1st Baronet (age 44) was created 1st Baronet Fitton of Gawsworth Hall by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 51).
On 26th December 1618 [her daughter] Elisabeth Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 22) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 22). She a granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 2nd March 1619 [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland (age 44) died.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 4th November 1619 [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 23) was crowned King Bohemia. Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 23) crowned Queen Consort Bohemia.
On 17th December 1619 [her son] Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 23) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 23) at Prague. He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
In 1620 Ralph Hopton 1st Baron Hopton (age 23) and William Waller (age 23) were members of the personal bodyguard for Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 23).
In 1621 Archbishop John Williams (age 38) was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal by [her father] King James I (age 54).
In 1621 Archbishop John Williams (age 38) was appointed Bishop of Lincoln by [her father] King James I (age 54).
On 4th January 1621 Charles Wilmot 1st Viscount Wilmot (age 49) was created 1st Viscount Wilmot of Athlone by [her brother] King Charles I (age 20) as a reward for his activities in Ireland.
On 16th January 1621 [her son] Maurice Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 24) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 24). He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 22nd January 1621 John Ramsay 1st Earl Holderness (age 41) was created 1st Earl Holderness by [her father] King James I (age 54).
In 1622 William Feilding 1st Earl Denbigh (age 35) was appointed Master of the Great Wardrobe to [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 55).
In 1622 [her daughter] Louise Hollandine Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 25) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 25). She a granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
In 1623 [her son] Louis Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 26) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 26). He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. He died aged one in 1624.
In 1623 Ludovic Stewart 2nd Duke Lennox 1st Duke Richmond (age 48) was created 1st Duke Richmond, 1st Earl Newcastle upon Tyne by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 56). Frances Howard Duchess Lennox and Richmond (age 44) by marriage Duchess Richmond.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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Around 1623. Workshop of Michiel Janszoon van Mierevelt (age 56). Portrait of Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 26).
On 18th May 1623 George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham (age 30) was created 1st Duke of Buckingham by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 56) for being his favourite; what favourite means is open to debate. Katherine Manners Duchess Buckingham (age 21) by marriage Duchess of Buckingham.
In 1624 [her son] Louis Palatinate Simmern (age 1) died.
On 8th July 1624 Thomas Vyner 1st Baronet (age 35) was appointed Comptroller of the Mint by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 58).
In 1625 Robert Heath (age 49) was appointed Attorney General by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24).
On 27th March 1625 [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland (age 58) died at Theobalds House, Hertfordshire. His son [her brother] Charles (age 24) succeeded I King England Scotland and Ireland. Duke York merged with the Crown.
On 1st May 1625 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 24) and [her sister-in-law] Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England (age 15) were married by proxy at Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral [Map]. She by marriage Queen Consort England. She the daughter of Henry IV King France and Marie de Medici Queen Consort France (age 50). He the son of [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland and [her mother] Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland. They were third cousin once removed.
On 5th October 1625 [her son] Edward Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 29) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 29) at The Hague. He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. He married 24th April 1645 his fourth cousin twice removed Anne Marie Gonzaga, daughter of Charles Gonzaga I Duke Mantua.
In 1626 [her daughter] Henriette Marie Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 29) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 29). She a granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 2nd February 1626 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 25) was crowned I King England Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey [Map] by Archbishop George Abbott (age 63). His wife [her sister-in-law] Henrietta Maria (age 16) was not crowned since she being Catholic refused to attend an Anglican service. She watched Charles at a discreet distance.
Robert Radclyffe 5th Earl of Sussex (age 52) carried the Orb.
Francis Talbot 11th Earl of Shrewsbury (age 3) bore the Second Sword of State.
Philip Herbert 4th Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Montgomery (age 41) carried the Spurs.
Francis Manners 6th Earl of Rutland (age 48) bore the Rod with the Dove.
William Cavendish 3rd Earl Devonshire (age 8), James Stanley 7th Earl of Derby (age 19), James Howard 3rd Earl Suffolk (age 6), Roger Palmer (age 49) and Mildmay Fane 2nd Earl of Westmoreland (age 24), John Maynard (age 34) were appointed Knight of the Bath.
John Rayney 1st Baronet (age 25) was knighted.
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On 5th February 1626 James Ley 1st Earl of Marlborough (age 74) was created 1st Earl Marlborough by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 25). Jane Boteler Countess Marlborough by marriage Countess Marlborough.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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In 1627 [her son] Philip Frederick Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 30) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 30). He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
In 3rd March 1627 Bryan Maguire 1st Baron of Enniskillen (age 38) was created 1st Baron Enniskillen by [her father] King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
In 1628 [her daughter] Charlotte Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 31) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 31). She a granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. She died aged three in 1631.
On 1st January 1629 [her son] Frederick Henry Palatinate Simmern (age 15) drowned. He was on his way to Amsterdam to see the captured Spanish treasure fleet there and drowned crossing the Haarlemmermeer.
In 1630 Ralph Dutton (age 55) was appointed Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 29).
On 14th October 1630 [her daughter] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 34) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 34). She a granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. She married 30th September 1658 Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg, son of George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg, and had issue.
In 1631 [her daughter] Charlotte Palatinate Simmern (age 3) died.
In January 1631 Frederick Cornwallis 1st Baron Cornwallis (age 19) and Elizabeth Ashburnham (age 18) were married. After the wedding [her brother] King Charles I (age 30), [her sister-in-law] Henrietta Maria (age 21) and Susan Feilding, Countess of Denbigh (age 48) wrote to congratulate his mother Jane, Baroness Cornwallis Bacon (age 50), and ask her to forgive him for his disobedience and return him to her favour. Denbigh said Ashburnham was her cousin "though her family be unfortunate".
On 5th July 1631 Edmund Waller (age 25) and Anne Banks were married in defiance of orders of the Privy Council of England and the Court of Aldermen of the City of London whose ward she was. Her father had left her £8000 when he died a year earlier. The Aldermen made a complaint to the Star Chamber, seeking that for the offence of marrying Anne without the court's permission the whole of the Banks fortune should be forfeited to the City of London, but they were denied such an outcome by a pardon from [her brother] King Charles (age 30), who took a more tolerant view of the matter. Waller was then summoned to appear before the Court of Aldermen in December 1631, when he agreed to make a jointure of £1,000 a year to his wife, also giving her the power to spend £2,000 of her inheritance, and the Court accepted this proposal but fined him 500 marks.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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In 1632 [her son] Gustavus Palatinate Simmern was born to [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 35) and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 35). He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. He died aged nine in 1641.
On 29th November 1632 [her husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine (age 36) died.
On 19th December 1635 Mary Witham 1st Baronetess Bolles (age 56) was created 1st Lady Bolles by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 35) with remainder to her heirs male and assignees. The only creation of a Baronetess in history. Bolles the name of her late husband Thomas Bolles who had died nine months before.
In May 1638 George Stewart 9th Seigneur D'Aubigny (age 19) and Catherine Howard Countess Newburgh were married. They married in secret against the wishes of [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 37). She the daughter of Theophilus Howard 2nd Earl Suffolk (age 55) and Elizabeth Home Countess Suffolk. He the son of Esmé Stewart 3rd Duke Lennox and Katherine Clifton Duchess Lennox. They were half fifth cousin once removed.
In 1640 Robert Heath (age 64) was appointed Lord Chief Justice by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 39).
In 1641 Charles Cotterell (age 25) was appointed Master of the Ceremonies by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).
In 1641 [her son] Gustavus Palatinate Simmern (age 9) died.
In 1641 James Stewart 4th Duke Lennox 1st Duke Richmond (age 28) was created 1st Duke Richmond by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40). Mary Villiers Duchess Lennox Duchess Richmond (age 19) by marriage Duchess Richmond.
In 1641 Alexander Leslie 1st Earl Leven (age 61) was created 1st Earl Leven by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40).
In 1641 Elizabeth Darcy 1st Countess Rivers (age 60) was created 1st Countess Rivers for life by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) since she had been passed over when her father's Earldom Countess Rivers passed from her father to her eldest son John Savage 2nd Earl Rivers (age 37).
John Evelyn's Diary. 27th May 1641. Arrived at Hague, I went first to the Queen of Bohemia's (age 44) Court, where I had the honour to kiss her Majesty's hand, and several of the Princesses' her daughters. [her son] Prince Maurice (age 20) was also there, newly come out of Germany, and my Lord Finch (age 19), not long before fled out of England from the fury of the Parliament. It was a fasting-day with the Queen for the unfortunate death of her [her former husband] husband, and the presence-chamber had been hung with black velvet ever since his decease.
On 14th July 1641 [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 40) created new Baronets:
John Cotton 1st Baronet (age 25) was created 1st Baronet Cotton of Landwade in Cambridgeshire.
Thomas Abdy 1st Baronet (age 29) was created 1st Baronet Abdy of Felix Hall in Kelveden in Essex.
John Bampfylde 1st Baronet (age 31) was created 1st Baronet Bampfylde of Poltimore in Devon.
On 29 or 30th July 1641 William Strickland 1st Baronet (age 45) was created 1st Baronet Strickland of Boynton in Yorkshire. Frances Finch Lady Strickland by marriage Lady Strickland of Boynton in Yorkshire.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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In 1642 Gerrit van Honthorst (age 49). Portrait of Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 45).
In 1642 [her son] Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 22) was appointed 440th Knight of the Garter by his uncle [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41).
On 14th October 1642 Richard Newport 1st Baron Newport (age 55) was created 1st Baron Newport of High Ercall in Shropshire; by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) in return for having provided £6000 for the purchase of artillery before the Battle of Edge Hill.
On 23rd October 1642 the Battle of Edge Hill was fought at Edge Hill [Map]. The Royal army was commanded by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 41) (with his son [her nephew] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 12) present), [her son] Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 22) and Richard Spencer (age 49) commanded the army that included [her son] Maurice Palatinate Simmern (age 21), Richard Byron 2nd Baron Byron (age 36), Lucius Carey 2nd Viscount Falkland (age 32), Charles Cavendish (age 22), Henry Newton aka Puckering 3rd Baronet (age 24), Spencer Compton 2nd Earl of Northampton (age 41), Thomas Salusbury 2nd Baronet (age 30), John Byron 1st Baron Byron (age 43) and William Feilding 1st Earl Denbigh (age 55).
George Stewart 9th Seigneur D'Aubigny (age 24) was killed.
Of the Parliamentary army Basil Feilding 2nd Earl Denbigh (age 34) and Robert Devereux 3rd Earl Essex (age 51). Oliver St John 5th Baron St John (age 39) was wounded.
Samuel Sandes (age 27) commanded a troop of horse.
Richard Sandes (age 26) was killed.
Thomas Strickland (age 20) was knighted on the field for his gallantry.
Henry Hunloke 1st Baronet (age 24) was knighted by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.
William Dugdale (age 37) witnessed the battle and subsequently surveyed the battlefield.
John Hinton (age 38) was present.
Edward Verney (age 52) was killed.
John Assheton (age 29) was killed.
Robert Bertie 1st Earl Lindsey (age 59) was killed. His son Montagu (age 34) succeeded 2nd Earl Lindsey, 15th Baron Willoughby de Eresby.
William Pennyman 1st Baronet (age 35) commanded a regiment, of which he served as Colonel, which he led for the King.
Edward Stradling 2nd Baronet (age 42) fought for the King, was captured imprisoned for seven months, and died a month after his release.
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On 28th February 1643 Henry Hunloke 1st Baronet (age 25) was created 1st Baronet Hunloke of Wingerworth in Derbyshire by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42).
On 20th September 1643 the First Battle of Newbury was fought at Newbury, Berkshire [Map] with [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 42) commanding the Royalist army and Robert Devereux 3rd Earl Essex (age 52) commanding the victorious Parliamentary army. For King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland John Byron 1st Baron Byron (age 44) fought with distinction.
Henry Bertie was killed.
Robert Dormer 1st Earl Carnarvon (age 33) was killed. His son Charles (age 10) succeeded 2nd Earl Carnarvon, 3rd Baron Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire, 3rd Baronet Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire.
William Villiers 2nd Viscount Grandison (age 29) was killed. His brother John succeeded 3rd Viscount Grandison.
Edward Villiers (age 23) fought.
Lucius Carey 2nd Viscount Falkland (age 33) was killed. His son Lucius (age 11) succeeded 3rd Viscount Falkland.
Richard Neville (age 28) served under the Earl Carnarvon. Carnarvon was killed and Neville took up the command as a Colonel of Horse.
Major General Charles Fleetwood (age 25) was wounded.
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In 1644 [her son] Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland (age 24) was created 1st Duke Cumberland, 1st Earl Holderness by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43).
On 23rd May 1644 Alice Leigh 1st Duchess Dudley (age 66) was created 1st Duchess Dudley by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 43) for life. Her husband Robert Dudley (age 69) had claimed to be the legitimate son of Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester but the Star Chamber found against him. King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland disagreed with their verdict and, in compensation of her subsequent treatment, awarded her the Dukedom... See Patent of Creation.
On 3rd January 1645 [her brother] King Charles I (age 44) rewarded his supporters with Baronies...
John Brooke 1st Baron Cobham (age 69) was created 1st Baron Cobham. Frances Bampfield Baroness Cobham by marriage Baroness Cobham.
John Lucas 1st Baron Lucas Shenfield (age 38) was created 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield with special remainder to the male issue of his brother Thomas Lucas (age 66).
On 12th April 1645 Colonel William Legge was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44).
On 24th April 1645 [her son] Edward Palatinate Simmern (age 19) and [her daughter-in-law] Anne Marie Gonzaga (age 29) were married. She the daughter of Charles Gonzaga I Duke Mantua. He the son of [her former husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 48). They were fourth cousin twice removed. He a grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 8th July 1645 Francis Hawley 1st Baron Hawley (age 37) was created 1st Baron Hawley of Donsmore by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (age 44).
On 30th January 1649 [her brother] Charles I (age 48) was beheaded with one clean stroke outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall Palace [Map]. He put his head on the block and, after saying a prayer, he signalled the executioner when he was ready by stretching out his hands.
In 1650 [her son] Philip Frederick Palatinate Simmern (age 23) died.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 22nd February 1650 [her son] Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern (age 32) and [her daughter-in-law] Charlotte Hesse-Kassel (age 22) were married. She the daughter of Landgrave William V of Hesse-Kassel. He the son of [her former husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 53).
In 1651 [her daughter] Henriette Marie Palatinate Simmern (age 25) died.
In September 1652 Peyton Carteret and [her son] Maurice Palatinate Simmern (age 31) drowned in the Virgin Islands Caribbean when HMS Defiance sank.
On 14th April 1657 [her son] Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern (age 39) and [her daughter-in-law] Charlotte Hesse-Kassel (age 29) were divorced.
On 6th January 1658 [her son] Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern (age 40) and [her daughter-in-law] Maria Susanne Luise von Degenfeld (age 23) were married morganatically. She had previously been his mistress. As a result of the marriage being morganatic their children were excluded from the succession. He the son of [her former husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 61).
On 30th September 1658 [her son-in-law] Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg (age 28) and [her daughter] Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern (age 27) were married. She the daughter of [her former husband] Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 62). He the son of George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg (age 57).
On 13th May 1659 [her nephew] Henry Stewart 1st Duke Gloucester (age 18) was created 1st Duke Gloucester, 1st Earl Cambridge by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.
In 1660 Thomas Howard 5th Duke of Norfolk (age 32) was restored 5th Duke Norfolk by [her brother] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland in response to a petition by Parliament it having previously been forfeited in 1572 by his great-great-grandfather Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk who had been executed for his involvement in the Ridolphi Plot.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th May 1660. In the morning when I woke and rose, I saw myself out of the scuttle close by the shore, which afterwards I was told to be the Dutch shore; the Hague was clearly to be seen by us. My Lord went up in his nightgown into the cuddy1, to see how to dispose thereof for himself and us that belong to him, to give order for our removal to-day. Some nasty Dutchmen came on board to proffer their boats to carry things from us on shore, &c., to get money by us. Before noon some gentlemen came on board from the shore to kiss my Lord's hands. And by and by Mr. North (age 24) and Dr. Clerke went to kiss the Queen of Bohemia's' hands, from my Lord, with twelve attendants from on board to wait on them, among which I sent my boy, who, like myself, is with child to see any strange thing. After noon they came back again after having kissed the Queen of Bohemia's (age 63) hand, and were sent again by my Lord to do the same to the Prince of Orange (age 9)2.
Note 1. "A sort of cabin or cook-room, generally in the fore-part, but sometimes near the stern of lighters and barges of burden".-Smyth's Sailor's Word-Book.
Note 2. Son of the Prince of Orange and [her niece] Mary (age 28), eldest daughter of Charles I afterwards William III He was then in his tenth year, having been born in 1650.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1661. Home, and after my singing master had done, took coach and went to Sir William Davenant's (age 55) Opera; this being the fourth day that it hath begun, and the first that I have seen it. To-day was acted the second part of "The Siege of Rhodes". We staid a very great while for the King and the Queen of Bohemia (age 64). And by the breaking of a board over our heads, we had a great deal of dust fell into the ladies' necks and the men's hair, which made good sport. The King being come, the scene opened; which indeed is very fine and magnificent, and well acted, all but the Eunuch, who was so much out that he was hissed off the stage. Home and wrote letters to my Lord at sea, and so to bed.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 17th August 1661. So he and I to the Wardrobe to dinner, and after dinner Captain Ferrers and I to the Opera, and saw "The Witts" again, which I like exceedingly. The Queen of Bohemia (age 64) was here, brought by my Lord Craven (age 53).
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th February 1662. So to the office till night, and then home and to write by the post about many businesses, and so to bed. Last night died the Queen of Bohemia (age 65).
On 13th February 1662 Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia (age 65) died of pneumonia shortly after midnight. She was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map].
John Evelyn's Diary. 17th February 1662. This night was buried in Westminster Abbey [Map] the Queen of Bohemia (deceased), after all her sorrows and afflictions being come to die in the arms of her nephew, the [her nephew] King (age 31);
Kings Wessex: Great x 16 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 13 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 14 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 17 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Kings Scotland: Great x 15 Grand Daughter of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 23 Grand Daughter of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 6 Grand Daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Charles Palatinate Simmern II Elector Palatine Rhine [1]
King George I [1]
Sophia Charlotte Hanover Queen Consort Prussia [1]
Francis I Holy Roman Emperor [1]
Louise Élisabeth Bourbon Queen Consort Spain [1]
Elisabeth Therese Lorraine Queen Consort Sardinia [1]
Francis Lorraine II Holy Roman Emperor [1]
King Louis Philippe I of France [1]
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies Queen Consort Spain [1]
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Stewart 1st Earl Lennox 
10 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 2nd Earl Lennox 11 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Montgomerie Countess Lennox
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Stewart 3rd Earl Lennox 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: James Hamilton 1st Lord Hamilton
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Hamilton Countess Lennox 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Stewart Countess Arran 
3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: James "Black Knight of Lorn" Stewart
Great x 3 Grandfather: John Stewart 1st Earl Atholl 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan Beaufort Queen Consort Scotland 
Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Isabel or Elizabeth Stewart Countess Lennox 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William Sinclair 3rd Earl Orkney 1st Earl Caithness 6 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Eleanor Sinclair Countess Atholl 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Marjory Sutherland Countess Orkney and Caithness
GrandFather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald "Bell the Cat" Douglas 5th Earl Angus 
8 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: George Douglas 9 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Boyd Countess Angus
Great x 2 Grandfather: Archibald Douglas 6th Earl Angus 10 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Drummond 1st Lord Drummond
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Drummond m Douglas
Great x 1 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: King Henry VII of England and Ireland 
3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Edward IV of England 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth York Queen Consort England Daughter of King Edward IV of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Woodville Queen Consort England 
6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Father: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King James II of Scotland 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: King James III of Scotland 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary of Guelders Queen Consort Scotland 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: King James IV of Scotland 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Christian I King of Denmark 
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Oldenburg Queen Consort Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Dorothea of Brandenburg
Great x 1 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund Tudor 1st Earl Richmond 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: King Henry VII of England and Ireland 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Edward IV of England 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth York Queen Consort England Daughter of King Edward IV of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Woodville Queen Consort England 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
GrandMother: Mary Queen of Scots Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Frederick Lorraine Count Vaudémont 9 x Great Grand Son of King Stephen I England
Great x 3 Grandfather: René Lorraine II Duke Lorraine Duke of Bar 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Yolande Valois Anjou 
6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Claude Lorraine 1st Duke Guise 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Adolf Egmont 2nd Duke Guelders 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Philippa Egmont Duchess of Bar Duchess Lorraine 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Bourbon Duchess Guelders 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Bourbon VIII Count Vendôme 5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Francis Bourbon Count Vendôme and Soissons 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabelle Beauvau Countess Vendôme
Great x 2 Grandmother: Antoinette Bourbon Duchess of Guise 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Peter Luxemburg II Count Saint Pol and Soissons 
3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Marie Luxemburg Countess Vendôme and Soissons 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Savoy Countess Saint Pol 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia 
Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Dietrich Count of Oldenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Christian I King of Denmark
Great x 4 Grandmother: Helvig of Schauenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: King Frederick I of Denmark
Great x 4 Grandfather: John "The Alchemist" Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Great x 3 Grandmother: Dorothea of Brandenburg
Great x 4 Grandmother: Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg
Great x 1 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Albert "Achilles" Elector Brandenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: John "Cicero" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anna of Brandenburg 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William III Duke of Luxemburg 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret of Thuringia 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Habsburg 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
GrandFather: Frederick II King of Denmark 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway
Mother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry IV Duke of Mecklenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Magnus II Duke of Mecklenburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: Albrecht VII Duke Mecklenburg
Great x 1 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John "Cicero" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Joachim "Nestor" Hohenzollern Elector Brandenburg 9 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret of Thuringia 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Anna Hohenzollern Duchess Mecklenburg 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
GrandMother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England