William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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Paternal Family Tree: Howard
Maternal Family Tree: Emmeline Riddlesford 1223-1276
1467 Tournament Bastard of Burgundy
4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury
1472 Creation of Garter Knights
1478 Marriage of Richard Duke of York and Anne Mowbray
1483 Mowbray Succession Changed
1483 Richard III Rewards his Supporters
In or before 1425 [his father] Robert Howard [aged 39] and [his mother] Margaret Mowbray Baroness Grey Ruthyn [aged 36] were married. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk and [his grandmother] Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess Norfolk [aged 58]. They were fourth cousin twice removed. He a great x 4 grandson of King John of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward I of England.
In 1425 John Howard was born to [his father] Robert Howard [aged 40] and [his mother] Margaret Mowbray Baroness Grey Ruthyn [aged 37]. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward I of England.
On 1st April 1437 [his father] Robert Howard [aged 52] died at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk.
Before 27th August 1439 [his step-father] John Grey [aged 52] and [his mother] Margaret Mowbray Baroness Grey Ruthyn [aged 51] were married. She by marriage Baroness Grey of Ruthyn. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk and [his grandmother] Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess Norfolk. They were third cousins. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward I of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward I of England.
Before 29th September 1442 John Howard [aged 17] and Katherine Moleyns [aged 18] were married. They were third cousins. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward I of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.
In 1443 [his son] Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 18] and [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 19] at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk. He married (1) 30th September 1472 Elizabeth Tilney Countess of Surrey and had issue (2) 17th August 1497 Agnes Tilney Duchess Norfolk and had issue.
Around 1445 Nicholas Wyfold and [his future wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 9] were married.
In 1445 [his daughter] Margaret Howard was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 20] and [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 21]. She married John Wyndham and had issue.
In 1446 [his daughter] Anne Howard was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 21] and [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 22] in Tendring, Essex. She married before 1474 Edmund Gorges and had issue.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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Around 1449 [his daughter] Isabella Howard was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 24] and [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 25]. She married in or before 1478 Robert Mortimer and had issue.
In 1450 [his daughter] Jane Howard was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 25] and [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 26].
On 18th October 1459 [his mother] Margaret Mowbray Baroness Grey Ruthyn [aged 71] died at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk.
Warkworth's Chronicle [1461-1474]. [27th June 1461] As for alle thynges that folowe, referre them to my copey, in whyche is wretyn a remanente lyke to this forseyd werke: that is to wytt, that, at the coronacyone1 of the forseyde Edwarde, he create and made dukes his two brythir, the eldere George [aged 11] Duke of Clarence, and his yongere brothir Richard [aged 8] Duke of Gloucetre; and the Lord Montagu [aged 30]2, the Earl of Warwick [aged 32]'s brothere, the Earl of Northumberlonde; and one William Stafford squiere, Lord Stafforde of Southwyke; and Sere Herbard [aged 38], Lorde Herbard, and after Lorde Earl of Penbroke3; and so the seide Lorde Stafforde [aged 22] was made Earl of Devynschire4; the Lorde Gray Ryffyne [aged 44], Earl of Kent6; the Lorde Bourchyer [aged 57], Earl of Essex; the Lorde Jhon of Bokyngham [aged 33], the Earl of Wyltschyre5; Sere Thomas [Walter] Blount [aged 45]7, knyghte, Lord Mont[joy]; Sere Jhon Hawarde, Lorde Hawarde [aged 36]8; William Hastynges [aged 30] he made Lorde Hastynges and grete Chamberlayne; and the Lorde Ryvers; Denham squyere, Lorde Dynham; and worthy as is afore schewed; and othere of gentylmen and yomenne he made knyghtes and squyres, as they hade desserved.
Note. The Warkworth Chronicle, in Bernard's Catalogue of the Peterhouse manuscripts, taken from James's Eclogæ, is numbered - 230. It may be as well to observe that John Bagford mentions a contemporary Chronicle in English MS. of the events of the commencement of Edward's reign, in MS. Tann. Bodl. 453.
Note 1. At the coronacyone. King Edward was crowned in Westminster Abbey, on the 29th of June 1461. Warkworth's first passage is both imperfect and incorrect, and would form a very bad specimen of the value of the subsequent portions of his narrative; yet we find it transferred to the Chronicle of Stowe. It must, however, be regarded rather as a memorandum of the various creations to the peerage made during Edward's reign, than as a part of the chronicle. Not even the third peerage mentioned, the Earldom of Northumberland, was conferred at the Coronation, but by patent dated 27 May 1464: and the only two Earldoms bestowed in Edward's first year (and probably at the Coronation) were, the Earldom of Essex, conferred on Henry Viscount Bourchier, Earl of Eu in Normandy, who had married the King's aunt, the Princess Isabel of York; and the Earldom of Kent, conferred on William Neville, Lord Fauconberg, one of King Edward's generals at Towton. The former creation is mentioned by Warkworth lower down in his list; the latter is omitted altogether. - J.G.N.
Note 2. The Lord Montagu. And then Kyng Edward, concidering the greate feate doon by the said Lord Montagu, made hym Earl of Northumberlond; and in July next folowyng th'Earl of Warwyk, with th'ayde of the said Earl of Northumberland, gate agayn the castell of Bamborugh, wheryn was taken Sir Raaf Gray [aged 29], which said Ser Raaf was after behedid and quartred at York. Also, in this yere, the first day of May, the Kyng wedded Dame Elizabeth Gray [aged 24], late wif unto the lord Gray of Groby, and doughter to the Lord Ryvers." - The London Chronicle, MS. Cotton. Vitell. A. xvi. fol. 126, ro. The MS. of the London Chronicle, from which Sir Harris Nicolas printed his edition, does not contain this passage. It is almost unnecessary to remark the chronological incorrectness of the above, but it serves to show how carelessly these slight Chronicles were compiled. Cf. MS. Add. Mus. Brit. 6113, fol. 192, rº. and MS. Cotton. Otho, B. XIV. fol. 221, ro.
Note 3. Lord Earl of Pembroke. William Lord Herbert of Chepstow, the first of the long line of Herbert Earls of Pembroke, was so created the 27th May 1468. His decapitation by the Duke of Clarence at Northampton in 1469, is noticed by Warkworth in p. 7.-J.G.N.
Note 4. Earl of Devynschire. Humphery Stafford, created Baron Stafford of Southwick by patent 24th April 1464, was advanced to the Earldom of Devon 7th May 1469; but beheaded by the commons at Bridgwater before the close of the same year, as related by Warkworth, ubi supra. - J.G.N.
Note 5. Earl of Wyltschyre. John Stafford, created Earl of Wiltshire, 5th Jan. 1470; he died in 1473.—J.G.N.
Note 6."The Lorde Gray Ryffyne, Earl of Kent". The Earl of Kent, of the family of Neville, died without male issue, a few months after his elevation to that dignity; and it was conferred on the 30th May 1465, on Edmund Lord Grey de Ruthyn, on occasion of the Queen's coronation. He was cousin-german to Sir John Grey, of Groby, the Queen's first husband. On the same occasion the Queen's son Sir Thomas Grey [aged 6] was created Marquess of Dorset; her father Richard Wydevile [aged 56] lord Ryvers was advanced to the dignity of Earl Ryvers; and her brother Anthony [aged 21] married to the heiress of Scales, in whose right he was summoned to Parliament as a Baron. - J.G.N.
Note 7.Sere Thomas Blount. This should be Walter, created Lord Montjoy 20th June 1465; he died in 1474.-J.G.N.
Note 8. Sere Jhon Hawarde, Lord Hawarde. John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk. This peerage dates its origin, by writ of summons to Parliament, during the short restoration of Henry VI. in 1470, a circumstance more remarkable as "evidence exists that he did not attach himself to the interest of that Prince, being constitued by Edward, in the same year, commander of his fleet." See Sir Harris Nicolas's memoir of this distinguished person (afterwards the first Duke of Norfolk) in Cartwright's History of the Rape of Bramber, p. 189.-J.G.N.
Patent Rolls. 21st July 1461. Westminster Palace [Map]. The like to John Howard [aged 36], king's knight, the office of the constableship and custody of Norwich Castle [Map] from Exeter lats, with the fees as in the times of Edward III and Richard II from the issues of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.
Patent Rolls. 28th July 1461. Westminster Palace [Map]. Appointment, during good behaviour, of John Howard [aged 36] knight, as one of the king's carvers, receiving 40lyearly, viz 20l from the far of the town of Ipswich, co Suffolk, ad 20l from the issues of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. By p.s.
On 3rd November 1465 [his wife] Katherine Moleyns [aged 41] died.
Before 1st September 1466 John Norreys [aged 66] and [his future wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 30] were married. The difference in their ages was 36 years.
Patent Rolls. 24th September 1466. Licence for the king's sister Anne, duchess of Exeter [aged 27], to grant the manors of Rachfonl, Lye, Pakeleshnm and Folncsse, co. Essex, Ardyngton, co. Berks, Barford St. Martin, co. Wilts, and Thorpwatcrvyle, Aldwynkle, Achirch, Chelveston and Cnldeote, co. Northampton, with all other lands, rents, reversions and services of her tenants in the towns and manors aforesaid, held in chief, to the king's kinsman Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury [aged 48], Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells [aged 46], John, duke of Norfolk [aged 41], John, duke of Suffolk [aged 23], William, Earl of Arundel [aged 48], Henry, Earl of Essex [aged 62], Richard, earl Ryvers [aged 61], Antony Widevill, lord of Scales and Newselles [aged 26], John Say, knight, Thomas Colt, Thomas Decoue and Robert Isham, esquires, and their heirs and assigns. By K.
Grant to the said archbishop and others and their heirs and assigns of all the king's-estate and title in the manors of Wodham Ferreres and other lands in the same town, co. Essex, and the manors of Newebotell and Brynton and the advowson of the church there and other lands in the same town, co. Northampton, which the king holds in the title and possession of his consort Elizabeth, Queen of England, with advowsons, knights' fees, rents and services. By K.
Before 22nd January 1467 John Howard [aged 42] and Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 31] were married.
On 11th June 1467 the fighting on horseback took place witnessed by King Edward IV of England [aged 25]. John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 40] was Master of the Ceremonies accompanied by John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 42]. The day ended with the Bastard's [aged 46] horse having being accidentally fatally injured by Lord Scales' [aged 11] saddle.
In 1468 John Howard [aged 43] was appointed Lord Treasurer.
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
Around 1468 [his daughter] Katherine Howard Baroness Berners was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 43] and [his wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 32]. She married before 13th May 1490 her fourth cousin once removed John Bourchier 2nd Baron Berners, son of Humphrey Bourchier and Elizabeth Tilney Countess of Surrey, and had issue.
Around 1468 [his son] Nicholas Howard died.
On 15th October 1470 John Howard [aged 45] was created 1st Baron Howard.
On 4th May 1471 King Edward IV of England [aged 29] was victorious at the 4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury. His brother Richard [aged 18], Richard Beauchamp 2nd Baron Beauchamp Powick [aged 36], John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 46], George Neville 4th and 2nd Baron Abergavenny [aged 31], John Savage [aged 49], John Savage [aged 27], Thomas St Leger [aged 31], John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 45], Thomas Burgh 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough [aged 40] fought. William Brandon [aged 46], George Browne [aged 31], Ralph Hastings, Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 38], James Tyrrell [aged 16], Roger Kynaston of Myddle and Hordley [aged 38] were knighted. William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings [aged 40] commanded.
Margaret of Anjou [aged 41] was captured. Her son Edward of Westminster Prince of Wales [aged 17] was killed. He was the last of the Lancastrian line excluding the illegitmate Charles Somerset 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 11] whose line continues to the present.
John Courtenay 7th or 15th Earl Devon [aged 36] was killed and attainted. Earl Devon forfeit. Some sources refer to these titles as being abeyant?
John Wenlock 1st Baron Wenlock [aged 71] was killed. Baron Wenlock extinct.
John Delves [aged 49], John Beaufort [aged 30], William Vaux of Harrowden [aged 35] and Robert Whittingham [aged 42] were killed.
Edmund Beaufort [aged 32], Humphrey Tuchet [aged 37] and Hugh Courtenay [aged 44] were captured.
Henry Roos fought and escaped to Tewkesbury Abbey [Map] where he sought sanctuary. He was subsequently pardoned.
William Carey [aged 34] was killed.
On 5th May 1471 those captured at the 4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury were tried in the Market Square Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire [Map] by John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 46] and the Duke of Gloucester [aged 18]: Edmund Beaufort [aged 32], Hugh Courtenay [aged 44], Gervase Clifton [aged 66], Thomas Tresham [aged 51] and Humphrey Tuchet [aged 37].
English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century Appendix 13. On the 21st day of the same month of May [1471], King Edward [aged 29] returned to the City of London in noble triumph, having Margaret [aged 41], formerly queen, led before his army in a chariot. He rode through the middle of the city, with banners and standards unfurled, as though on a campaign or expedition undertaken against the aforementioned Kentish rebels. In his company at that time were: His brothers, the Dukes of Clarence [aged 21] and Gloucester [aged 18]; the Dukes of Norfolk [aged 46], Suffolk [aged 28], and Buckingham [aged 16]; the Earls of Northumberland [aged 22], Shrewsbury [aged 22], Rivers [aged 31], Essex [aged 67], Wiltshire [aged 43], and Pembroke [aged 20]. Among the barons and lords: Audley [aged 45], Stanley [aged 36], Grey of Ruthin [aged 17], the son and heir of the Earl of Kent [aged 54], Grey of Codnor [aged 36], Berners [aged 55], Cromwell1, Dacre2, Hastings [aged 59], Howard [aged 28]3, Dynham [aged 38], Cobham [aged 23], Mautravers [aged 21], the son and heir of Arundel [aged 53], Bourchier, Dudley [aged 70], Scrope [aged 33], and Ferrers [aged 16], along with many other nobles, knights, and esquires, and a greater number of mounted men than had ever been seen before.
Eodem mensis Maii die xxj rediit Rex Edwardus ad ciuitatem London, cum nobili triumpho, faciens secum adduci dictam Margaretam, olim reginam, in curru precedente exercitui. Et equitauit per medium ciuitatis, vexillis et standardis displicatis, tanquam in itinere et expedicione capta aduersus prefatos Kentenses, In cuius comitiva tune fuerunt duces de Clarence et Gloucester ipsius fratres; item duces de Northfolke et Southfolk, et de Bukyngham; item comites de Northumberland, de Shrovesbury, de Ryuers, de Essex, de Wyltshyre, de Pembroke; Barones, domini de Audeley, de Stanley, de Grey Ruthyn, films et heres de Comitis Cancie, de Grey Cotenor, de Barreners, de Cromwell, de Dacres, de Hastynges, de Howard, de Dynham, de Cobham, de Mautravers, filius et heres de Arundell, de Bourgcher, de Dudley, de Scrope, de Ferrers, cum aliis nobilibus, militibus et armigeris, ac multitudine equitum maiore quam ante sit visa.
Note 1. Unclear as to who this refers to since Ralph Cromwell 3rd Baron Cromwell died in 1456.
Note 2. Unclear as to who this refers to since Thomas Dacre 6th Baron Dacre Gilsland died in 1458, Ralph Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland died in 1461 and Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 47] was created Baron Dacre in either 1473 or 1482.
Note 3. We take this to refer to Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk, son of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk, referring to his subsiduary title.
In 1472 King Edward IV of England [aged 29] appointed new Garter Knights given the large number of vacant positions as a result of the recent Warwick rebellion:
203rd John Mowbray 4th Duke of Norfolk [aged 27].
204th John Stafford 1st Earl Wiltshire [aged 44].
205th Walter Devereux Baron Ferrers of Chartley [aged 40].
206th Walter Blount 1st Baron Mountjoy [aged 56].
207th John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 47].
208th John de la Pole 2nd Duke of Suffolk [aged 29].
On 30th September 1472 Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 29] and Elizabeth Tilney Countess of Surrey [aged 28] were married. He the son of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 47] and Katherine Moleyns.
Before 1474 [his son-in-law] Edmund Gorges [aged 19] and Anne Howard [aged 27] were married. She the daughter of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 48] and Katherine Moleyns.
In 1474 [his daughter] Anne Howard [aged 28] died in Wraxall, Somerset [Map].
Around 1475 John Norreys [aged 35] and [his step-daughter] Elizabeth Wyfold [aged 29] were married. She the daughter of Nicholas Wyfold and [his wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 39].
On 29th August 1475 Edward IV [aged 33] signed the Treaty of Picquigny; in effect a non-aggression pact or, possibly, a protection racket. France would pay Edward a pension of 50,000 crowns per year as long as he didn't invade France. Cardinal Bourchier [aged 57] arbitrated on behalf of Edward. William Hastings [aged 44] received a pension of 2000 crowns per year, John Howard [aged 50] and Thomas Montgomery 1200 each, Thomas Rotherham Archbishop of York [aged 52] 1000, Cardinal John Morton [aged 55] 600.
Edward's youngest brother Richard [aged 22] opposed the Treaty considering it dishonourable. Roger Cheney [aged 33] was present at the signing, and remained as a hostage until King Edward IV of England returned to England.
In or before 1478 [his son-in-law] Robert Mortimer [aged 35] and Isabella Howard [aged 28] were married. She the daughter of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 52] and Katherine Moleyns.
On 15th January 1478 Edward IV's youngest son Richard of Shrewsbury [aged 4] and Anne Mowbray [aged 5] were married at St Stephen's Chapel in Westminster [Map]. She by marriage Duchess Norfolk. She the daughter of John Mowbray 4th Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Talbot Duchess Norfolk [aged 35]. He the son of King Edward IV of England [aged 35] and Elizabeth Woodville Queen Consort England [aged 41]. They were second cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
The ceremony was attended by Edward's daughters Elizabeth [aged 11], Mary [aged 10] and Cecily [aged 8].
The day before Thomas Howard [aged 35] was knighted.
In 1483 Parliament changed the succession so Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York would continue to enjoy her inheritance (she died in 1481) effectively dis-inheriting William Berkeley 1st Marquess Berkeley [aged 52] (who was subsequently created Earl and Marquess), who accepted a payment of £34,000, and John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 53], who was subsequently created Duke of Norfolk, possibly in compensation.
Thomas Frowyk [aged 55] was created Knight of the Bath.
See Woodville Marriages.
In 1481 [his daughter] Jane Howard [aged 31] died.
In January 1483 King Edward IV of England [aged 40] had Parliament re-enact earlier legislation regarding the Mowbray succession so that his son, Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York [aged 9], who had married Anne Mowbray 8th Countess Norfolk (who had died in 1481), would continue to benefit from them effectively dis-inheriting William Berkeley 1st Marquess Berkeley [aged 57] (who was subsequently created Earl and Marquess) and John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] (who would become an ardent supporter of Richard III following Edward's death.
On 17th April 1483 the coffin of Edward IV [deceased] was carried to Westminster Abbey [Map] by Edward Stanley 1st Baron Monteagle [aged 21], John Savage [aged 39], Thomas Wortley [aged 50], Thomas Molyneux [aged 38], probably John Welles 1st Viscount Welles [aged 33] who had married Edward's daughter Cecily), John Cheney 1st Baron Cheyne [aged 41], Walter Hungerford [aged 19], Guy Wolston [aged 50], John Sapcote [aged 35], Thomas Tyrrell [aged 30], John Risley, Thomas Dacre 2nd Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 15], John Norreys, Louis de Bretelles and John Comyn 4th Lord Baddenoch.
Those in the procession included:
Thomas St Leger [aged 43], widow of Edward's sister Anne.
William Parr [aged 49].
William Stonor [aged 33].
Henry Ferrers [aged 40].
James Radclyffe [aged 43].
George Browne [aged 43].
Gilbert Debenham [aged 51].
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] walked in front of the coffin with Edward's personal arms.
John Marlow Abbot Bermondsey followed by:
Bishop Thomas Kempe [aged 93].
Bishop John Hales [aged 83] (Bishop of Chester?).
Bishop Robert Stillington [aged 63].
Bishop William Dudley [aged 58].
Cardinal John Morton [aged 63] (as Bishop of Ely).
Bishop Edmund Tuchet [aged 40] (as Bishop of Rochester).
Bishop Peter Courtenay, and.
Bishop Lionel Woodville [aged 36].
Archbishop Thomas Rotherham [aged 59] brought up the rear.
Cardinal Thomas Bourchier [aged 65], then Archbishop of Canterbury, took no part due to infirmity.
John de la Pole Earl Lincoln 1st [aged 21]; the King's nephew,.
William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings [aged 52].
Thomas Grey 1st Marquess Dorset [aged 28].
William Herbert 2nd Earl Pembroke 1st Earl Huntingdon [aged 32] (some sources say Earl of Huntingindon?).
William Berkeley 1st Marquess Berkeley [aged 57].
Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby [aged 48].
Richard Fiennes Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 68].
John Sutton 1st Baron Dudley [aged 82].
George Neville 4th and 2nd Baron Abergavenny [aged 43].
John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 57].
Walter Devereux Baron Ferrers of Chartley [aged 51].
Edward Grey 1st Viscount Lisle [aged 51].
Henry Lovell 9th Baron Marshal 8th Baron Morley [aged 7].
Richard Woodville 3rd Earl Rivers [aged 30].
John Brooke 7th Baron Cobham [aged 35].
Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 50].
John Bourchier 6th Baron Ferrers of Groby [aged 45].
[his grandson] Thomas Bourchier.
On 20th April 1483 King Edward IV of England [deceased] was buried in a Chantry Chapel next to the Altar, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle [Map]. Archbishop Thomas Rotherham [aged 59] celebrated the mass. John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] attended. John de la Pole Earl Lincoln 1st [aged 21] was chief mourner. John Savage [aged 39] and Edward Stanley 1st Baron Monteagle [aged 21] were pall-bearers.
On 6th July 1483 King Richard III of England [aged 30] and his wife Anne Neville [aged 27] at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Gloucester, Earl Richmond forfeit merged with the Crown. Cardinal Thomas Bourchier [aged 65] officiated. Anne Neville Queen Consort England by marriage Queen Consort England.
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] was appointed Lord High Steward. William Brandon [aged 58], Thomas Fitzalan 10th or 17th Earl of Arundel [aged 33], Thomas St Leger [aged 43], Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 50], Elizabeth Woodville Queen Consort England [aged 46], Elizabeth York Duchess Suffolk [aged 39], Giles Daubeney 1st Baron Daubeney [aged 32] and Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 59] attended.
Robert Dymoke [aged 22] attended as the Kings' Champion.
Edmund Grey 1st Earl Kent [aged 66] carried The Pointed Sword of Justice. [his son] Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 40] carried the Crown. Francis Lovell 1st Viscount Lovell [aged 27] carried the Third Sword of State. John de la Pole 2nd Duke of Suffolk [aged 40] carried the Sceptre. John de la Pole Earl Lincoln 1st [aged 21] carried the Cross and Ball. Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham [aged 28] carried the king's train. Edward Stafford 2nd Earl Wiltshire [aged 13] bore the Queen's Crown.
Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby [aged 48] carried the Lord High Constable's Mace. Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond [aged 40] held Queen Anne's train. Henry Percy 4th Earl of Northumberland [aged 34] carried The Blunt Sword of Mercy. Christopher Willoughby 10th Baron Willoughby [aged 30] was appointed Knight of the Bath.
Humphrey Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland attended.
Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York [aged 68] refused to attend the Coronation of King Richard III. History doesn't record her reason.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Close Rolls Edward IV Edward V Richard III 1476-1485. 30th June 1483 King Richard III of England [aged 30]. Westminster Palace [Map]. Commission to the king's kinsman John duke of Norfolk [aged 58], to execute the office of steward of England at the king's coronation. By K.
On 5th July 1483 John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] was created 1st Duke Norfolk by King Richard III of England [aged 30]. [his wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 47] by marriage Duchess Norfolk.
His son Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 40] was created 1st Earl Surrey. Elizabeth Tilney Countess of Surrey [aged 39] by marriage Countess Surrey.
William Berkeley [aged 57] was created 1st Earl Nottingham.
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk and William Berkeley 1st Marquess Berkeley were heirs to the vast Mowbray estates that had been inherited by Anne Mowbray 8th Countess Norfolk who had been married to Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York [aged 9]. Richard of Shrewsbury's father King Edward IV of England had legislated that in the event of Anne's death his son Richard would continue to benefit from the inheritance; she died in 1481.
Francis Lovell 1st Viscount Lovell [aged 27] was created 1st Viscount Lovell. Anne Fitzhugh Viscountess Lovell by marriage Viscountess Lovell. [Note. Some sources place his created on 01 Jan 1483 although the source for that is unknown.]
Close Rolls Edward IV Edward V Richard III 1476-1485. 25th July 1483. John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 58] was appointed Lord Admiral of all England Ireland and Aquitaine. King Richard III of England [aged 30]. Westminster Palace [Map]. Grant for life to the king's kinsman Henry, duke of Norfolk, of the office of admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine, with certain specified powers and the accustomed fees. By p.s.
In 1484 John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 59] abeyance terminated 12th Baron Mowbray, 13th Baron Segrave.
In 1484 [his daughter] Margaret Howard [aged 39] died.
On 22nd August 1485 King Richard III of England [aged 32] was killed during the Battle of Bosworth. His second cousin once removed Henry Tudor [aged 28] succeeded VII King of England.
Humphrey Cotes [aged 35] died. It isn't clear on which side he was fighting.
Those supporting Henry Tudor included:
John Blount 3rd Baron Mountjoy [aged 35].
John Cheney 1st Baron Cheyne [aged 43].
Richard Guildford [aged 35].
Walter Hungerford [aged 21].
Thomas Stanley 1st Earl of Derby [aged 50].
Edward Woodville Lord Scales [aged 29].
Edward Courtenay 1st Earl Devon [aged 26].
Rhys ap Thomas Deheubarth [aged 36].
Jasper Tudor 1st Duke Bedford [aged 53].
William Beaumont 2nd Viscount Beaumont [aged 47].
Giles Daubeney 1st Baron Daubeney [aged 34].
William Stanley [aged 50].
Roger Kynaston of Myddle and Hordley [aged 52].
Henry Marney 1st Baron Marney [aged 38].
William Brandon [aged 29] was killed.
James Harrington [aged 55] was killed.
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 60] was killed and attainted. He was buried firstly at Thetford Priory, Norfolk [Map] and therafter at Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham [Map]. Duke Norfolk, Baron Mowbray, Baron Segrave, Baron Howard forfeit.
John Sacheverell [aged 85] was killed.
Philibert Chandee 1st Earl Bath
William Norreys [aged 44], Gilbert Talbot [aged 33], John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford [aged 42] and John Savage [aged 41] commanded,.
Robert Poyntz [aged 35] was knighted.
Those who fought for Richard III included:
John Bourchier 6th Baron Ferrers of Groby [aged 47].
John Conyers [aged 74].
Thomas Dacre 2nd Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 17].
William Berkeley 1st Marquess Berkeley [aged 59].
Richard Fitzhugh 6th Baron Fitzhugh [aged 28].
John Scrope 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton [aged 48].
Thomas Scrope 6th Baron Scrope of Masham [aged 26].
Henry Grey 4th or 7th Baron Grey of Codnor [aged 50].
Edmund Grey 1st Earl Kent [aged 68].
Ralph Neville 3rd Earl of Westmoreland [aged 29].
John de la Pole Earl Lincoln 1st [aged 23].
Humphrey Stafford [aged 59].
George Talbot 4th Earl of Shrewsbury [aged 17].
[his son] Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 42] was wounded, captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London [Map] for three years. He was attainted; Earl Surrey forfeit.
Francis Lovell 1st Viscount Lovell [aged 29] fought and escaped.
John Zouche 7th Baron Zouche Harringworth [aged 26] was captured.
John Babington [aged 62], William Alington [aged 65], [his son-in-law] Robert Mortimer [aged 43], Robert Brackenbury, Richard Ratclyffe [aged 55] and Richard Bagot [aged 73] were killed
Walter Devereux Baron Ferrers of Chartley [aged 53] was killed.
William Catesby [aged 35] was executed at Leicester, Leicestershire [Map] after the battle.
George Stanley 9th Baron Strange Knockin 5th Baron Mohun Dunster [aged 25] held as a hostage by Richard III before the Battle of Bosworth.
Henry Percy 4th Earl of Northumberland [aged 36] betrayed King Richard III of England by not committing his forces at the Battle of Bosworth.
John Iwardby [aged 35] was killed.
In 1494 [his former wife] Margaret Chedworth Duchess Norfolk [aged 58] died.
[his son] Nicholas Howard was born to John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk and Katherine Moleyns.
Kings Wessex: Great x 11 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 9 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 15 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 10 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings England: Great x 4 Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Kings Scotland: Great x 10 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 18 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 12 Grand Son of Hugh I King of the Franks
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 15 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 3 Grandfather: William Howard 
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Howard
Great x 1 Grandfather: Robert Howard 2 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard of Cornwall 1st Earl Cornwall 
Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Richard Cornwall Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan Valletort
Great x 2 Grandmother: Joan Cornwall Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Fitzalan 6th Earl of Arundel 
4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Joan Fitzalan 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Maud Verdun Countess Arundel 
GrandFather: John Howard 3 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Roger Scales 1st Baron Scales
Great x 3 Grandfather: Roger Scales 2nd Baron Scales
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Unknown Baroness Scales
Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Scales 3rd Baron Scales 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Hugh Courtenay 3rd Baron Okehampton 
4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Egeline or Eleanor Courtenay Baroness Scales 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Eleanor Despencer Baroness Okehampton 
4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Margaret Scales 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Ufford 1st Baron Ufford 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Ufford 1st Earl Suffolk
Great x 4 Grandmother: Cecily Valoignes Baroness Ufford 
Great x 2 Grandmother: Catherine Ufford Baroness Scales
Great x 4 Grandfather: Walter Norwich
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Norwich Countess Suffolk
Father: Robert Howard 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: William Tendring
GrandMother: Alice Tendring
John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Roger Mowbray 1st Baron Mowbray 
2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: John Mowbray 2nd Baron Mowbray 3 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Rohese Clare Baroness Mowbray 
4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Mowbray 3rd Baron Mowbray 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William de Braose 2nd Baron de Braose 10th Baron Bramber 
2 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Aline de Braose Baroness Mowbray 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: John Mowbray 4th Baron Mowbray Baron Segrave 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet 1st Earl of Leicester 1st Earl Lancaster Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Henry Plantagenet 3rd Earl of Leicester 3rd Earl Lancaster Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Blanche Capet Queen Navarre 
2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Joan Plantagenet Baroness Mowbray 
Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Patrick Chaworth 
Great x 3 Grandmother: Maud Chaworth
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Beauchamp 
GrandFather: Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Segrave 2nd Baron Segrave 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Stephen Segrave 3rd Baron Segrave
Great x 4 Grandmother: Christiana Plessey Baroness Segrave
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Segrave 4th Baron Segrave 5 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 1st or 8th Earl of Arundel 3 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Alice Fitzalan Baroness Segrave 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Alice Saluzzo Countess Arundel 
6 x Great Grand Daughter of King William "Conqueror" I of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Segrave 5th Baroness Segrave Baroness Mowbray Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Edward I of England Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas of Brotherton 1st Earl Norfolk Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret of France Queen Consort England 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaret Plantagenet 1st Duchess of Norfolk Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Roger Hales
Great x 3 Grandmother: Alice Hales Countess Norfolk
Mother: Margaret Mowbray Baroness Grey Ruthyn 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 1st or 8th Earl of Arundel 3 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Edmund Fitzalan 2nd or 9th Earl of Arundel 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Alice Saluzzo Countess Arundel 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King William "Conqueror" I of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey 5 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William Warenne
Great x 3 Grandmother: Alice Warenne Countess Arundel
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan Vere 
Great x 1 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 9th Earl of Surrey 4th or 11th Earl of Arundel 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet 1st Earl of Leicester 1st Earl Lancaster Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Henry Plantagenet 3rd Earl of Leicester 3rd Earl Lancaster Grand Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Blanche Capet Queen Navarre 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Patrick Chaworth
Great x 3 Grandmother: Maud Chaworth
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabella Beauchamp
GrandMother: Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess Norfolk 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Humphrey Bohun 3rd Earl Hereford 2nd Earl Essex 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Humphrey Bohun 4th Earl Hereford 3rd Earl Essex
Great x 4 Grandmother: Maud Fiennes Countess Essex and Hereford 
Great x 2 Grandfather: William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Edward I of England Son of King Henry III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan Countess Essex, Hereford and Holland Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Eleanor of Castile Queen Consort England 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Bohun Countess Arundel and Surrey Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Gunselin Badlesmere 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan Fitzbernard
Great x 2 Grandmother: Elizabeth Badlesmere Countess Northampton 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas de Clare 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Clare Baroness Badlesmere 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Juliana Fitzgerald 
2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England