The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan 1769-1837

Paternal Family Tree: Brudenell

Maternal Family Tree: Audrey Saunders 1551-1588

On 27th January 1759 [his father] Robert Brudenell (age 32) and [his mother] Anne Bishopp (age 31) were married. He the son of [his grandfather] George Brudenell 3rd Earl Cardigan and [his grandmother] Elizabeth Bruce 3rd Countess Cardigan. They were half fourth cousin twice removed.

On 20th October 1768 [his father] Robert Brudenell (age 42) died.

On 25th April 1769 Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan was born to [his father] Robert Brudenell and [his mother] Anne Bishopp (age 41) at Westminster [Map].

Around 1781 Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 11) educated at Harrow School.

On 8th March 1794 Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 24) and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 24) were married at St George's Church, Hanover Square.

On 6th March 1795 [his daughter] Elizabeth Anne Brudenell was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 25) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 25). She married (1) 20th August 1816 John Perceval, son of Charles George Perceval 1st and 2nd Baron Arden and Margaretta Elizabeth Wilson Baroness Arden (2) 16th March 1824 her fifth cousin William Brodrick 7th Viscount Midleton.

On 16th October 1797 [his son] James Brudenell 7th Earl Cardigan was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 28) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 27) at Hambledon, Buckinghamshire. He married (1) 19th June 1826 Elizabeth Tollemache Countess Cardigan (2) 28th September 1858 Adeline Horsey Countess Cardigan.

In 1799 [his daughter] Harriet Georgiana Brudenell Countess Howe was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 29) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 28). She married 19th March 1820 Richard William Penn Curzon Howe 1st Earl Howe, son of Penn Curzon and Sophia Howe 2nd Baroness Howe, and had issue.

On 8th October 1803 [his mother] Anne Bishopp (age 75) died.

On 4th July 1806 [his daughter] Mary Brudenell Countess Chichester was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 37) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 36). She married 18th August 1828 her fifth cousin Henry Pelham 3rd Earl Chichester, son of Thomas Pelham 2nd Earl Chichester and Mary Henrietta Juliana Osborne Countess Chichester, and had issue.

Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall

The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.

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On 29th June 1809 [his daughter] Anne Brudenell Countess Lucan was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 40) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 39). She married 29th June 1829 George Charles Bingham 3rd Earl Lucan, son of Richard Bingham 2nd Earl Lucan and Elizabeth Belasyse Duchess Norfolk, and had issue.

On 24th February 1811 [his uncle] James Brudenell 5th Earl Cardigan (age 85) died at Grosvenor Square, Belgravia. His nephew Robert (age 41) succeeded 6th Earl Cardigan, 6th Baron Brudenell of Stonton in Leicestershire, 2nd Baron Brudenell Deene in Northamptonshire. [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 41) by marriage Countess Cardigan.

On 20th August 1816 [his son-in-law] John Perceval (age 23) and [his daughter] Elizabeth Anne Brudenell (age 21) were married. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 47) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 46).

On 19th March 1820 [his son-in-law] Richard William Penn Curzon Howe 1st Earl Howe (age 23) and [his daughter] Harriet Georgiana Brudenell Countess Howe (age 21) were married. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 50) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 50).

On 15th August 1820 [his son-in-law] Henry Charles Sturt (age 25) and [his daughter] Charlotte Penelope Brudenell were married. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 51) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 50).

On 16th March 1824 [his son-in-law] William Brodrick (age 25) and [his daughter] Elizabeth Anne Brudenell (age 29) were married. She died eight months later. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 54) and [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 54). They were fifth cousins.

On 21st November 1824 [his daughter] Elizabeth Anne Brudenell (age 29) died.

On 2nd February 1826 [his wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan (age 55) died.

On 19th June 1826 [his son] James Brudenell 7th Earl Cardigan (age 28) and [his daughter-in-law] Elizabeth Tollemache Countess Cardigan (age 28) were married. Separated in 1846. He the son of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 57) and [his former wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan.

On 18th August 1828 [his son-in-law] Henry Pelham 3rd Earl Chichester (age 23) and [his daughter] Mary Brudenell Countess Chichester (age 22) were married at St Mary's Church Cadogan Street. She by marriage Countess Chichester. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 59) and [his former wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan. He the son of Thomas Pelham 2nd Earl Chichester and Mary Henrietta Juliana Osborne Countess Chichester (age 51). They were fifth cousins.

Before 26th June 1829 [his son-in-law] Henry Bingham-Baring (age 25) and [his daughter] Augusta Brudenell were married. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 60) and [his former wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan.

Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough

A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'

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On 29th June 1829 [his son-in-law] George Charles Bingham 3rd Earl Lucan (age 29) and [his daughter] Anne Brudenell Countess Lucan (age 20) were married. She the daughter of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 60) and [his former wife] Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan. He the son of Richard Bingham 2nd Earl Lucan (age 64) and Elizabeth Belasyse Duchess Norfolk.

In 1836 [his daughter] Harriet Georgiana Brudenell Countess Howe (age 37) died.

On 14th August 1837 Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan (age 68) died at Marylebone. His son James (age 39) succeeded 7th Earl Cardigan, 7th Baron Brudenell of Stonton in Leicestershire, 3rd Baron Brudenell Deene in Northamptonshire. [his daughter-in-law] Elizabeth Tollemache Countess Cardigan (age 39) by marriage Countess Cardigan.

Adeline Horsey Recollections. Lord Cardigan's father, the sixth Earl, was a splendid-looking man, and his seven daughters were lovely girls and great heiresses. They all married men of title, and each received a dowry of £100,000 on her wedding day.

When the old Earl was lying dangerously ill at his house in Portman Square, he asked the doctor to tell him whether there was any chance of his recovery. "You are to tell me the truth", he insisted. The doctor was silent. "I see by your manner that you can hold out no hope", said the Earl; "well, death has no terrors for me - but tell me, how long have I to live? "There was a pause, and at last the doctor stammered, "Two or three days, your Lordship!".

The Earl sat up, and rang the bell placed on the table by his bedside. A servant answered the summons. "Order my carriage", said the dying man.

"Good gracious, my Lord!" exclaimed the terrified doctor, "your Lordship cannot realise what you have said".

"I do realise it", the Earl calmly answered, "but if I am going to die, I will die at Deene [Map] and not here". Remonstrance was useless: Lord Cardigan was carried to his carriage and taken to Deene, where he died a few days afterwards.

Adeline Horsey Recollections. The house [Map] has been very judiciously added to, each architect retaining the motif of the old house, so it has not a patched appearance. My husband's father built the dining-room, and in 1861 Lord Cardigan added the ball-room, especially to please me. It is 70 feet long and 40 feet high; and I designed the heraldic stained-glass windows which represent the family's forbears of Royal descent. The windows were executed by Lavers and Burrow, but my aid as an artist reduced their account by £200! There is a magnificent marble fireplace in the ball-room, which has an oak floor and a musician's gallery.

Adeline Horsey Recollections. The [his uncle] fourth Earl was succeeded by his [his uncle] brother John, whose nephew, the sixth Earl, was the father of my [his son] husband, James Thomas Brudenell, seventh Earl of Cardigan.

[his daughter] Charlotte Penelope Brudenell was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan. She married 15th August 1820 Henry Charles Sturt and had issue.

[his daughter] Emma Brudenell was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan. She married David Pennant.

[his daughter] Augusta Brudenell was born to Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan. She married before 26th June 1829 Henry Bingham-Baring and had issue.

Royal Ancestors of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan 1769-1837

Kings Wessex: Great x 20 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 17 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 23 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 18 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 21 Grand Son of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 8 Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Great x 19 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland

Kings Franks: Great x 27 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Kings France: Great x 11 Grand Son of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 25 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Royal Descendants of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan 1769-1837
Number after indicates the number of unique routes of descent. Descendants of Kings and Queens not included.

Diana Spencer Princess Wales [1]

Ancestors of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan 1769-1837

Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Brudenell 2nd Earl Cardigan 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Tresham 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Tresham Countess Cardigan 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Muriel Throckmorton 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Francis Brudenell 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Savage 1st Baronet 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Savage 1st Viscount Savage 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anna Savage Countess Cardigan 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Darcy 1st Earl Rivers 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Darcy 1st Countess Rivers 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Kitson Countess Rivers 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

GrandFather: George Brudenell 3rd Earl Cardigan 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Savile 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Savile 1st Baron Savile 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Hussey 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Savile 1st Earl of Sussex 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Carey 5 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Carey Baroness Savile 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Knyvet Baroness Geneville Beaudasert 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 1 Grandmother: Frances Savile 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: George Villiers of Brokesby

Great x 3 Grandfather: Christopher Villiers 1st Earl Anglesey 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Beaumont 1st Countess Buckingham 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Villiers Countess Sussex 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Sheldon of Howley in Leicestershire

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Sheldon Countess Anglesey

Father: Robert Brudenell 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Bruce 1st Lord Kinloss

Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Bruce 1st Earl Elgin

Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Bruce 2nd Earl Elgin 1st Earl Ailesbury 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Chichester 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Chichester 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Harrington

Great x 1 Grandfather: Thomas Bruce 3rd Earl Elgin 2nd Earl Ailesbury 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

GrandMother: Elizabeth Bruce 3rd Countess Cardigan 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edward Seymour 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset 3 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Honora Rogers

Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry Seymour 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Devereux 2nd Earl Essex 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Devereux Duchess of Somerset 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Walsingham Countess Essex 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Seymour Countess Elgin and Ailesbury 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Capell 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Arthur Capell 1st Baron Capell Hadham 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Theodosia Montagu 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Capell Duchess Beaufort 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Charles Morrison 1st Baronet 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Morrison Baroness Capell Hadham 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Hicks Lady Cooper and Morrison

Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Bishopp 1st Baronet

Great x 3 Grandfather: Edward Bishopp 2nd Baronet 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Jane Weston 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Cecil Bishopp 4th Baronet 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Nicholas Tufton 1st Earl of Thanet 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Tufton 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Cecil Countess Isle Thanet 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: Cecil Bishopp 5th Baronet 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

GrandFather: Cecil Bishopp 6th Baronet 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Mother: Anne Bishopp 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Hugh Boscawen

Great x 2 Grandfather: Edward Boscawen

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Rolle of Heanton

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Rolle

Great x 1 Grandfather: Hugh Boscawen 1st Viscount Falmouth 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Godolphin

Great x 3 Grandfather: Francis Godolphin

Great x 2 Grandmother: Jael Godolphin 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Berkeley of Bruton 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Dorothy Berkeley 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Neville 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

GrandMother: Anne Boscawen Lady Bishopp 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Charles Godfrey

Great x 1 Grandmother: Charlotte Godfrey Viscountess Falmouth 15 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Winston Churchill

Great x 2 Grandmother: Arabella Churchill 14 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Drake

Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Drake 13 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Helen Boteler 12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England