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The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, a canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: "In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed." Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On this Day in History ... 13th April

13 Apr is in April.

1360 Black Monday Hailstorm

14th April 1471 Battle of Barnet

1477 Trial and Execution of Ankarette Twynyho

1640 Short Parliament

1641 Trial and Execution of the Earl of Strafford

1685 Execution of the Wigtown Martyrs

See Births, Marriages and Deaths.

Events on the 13th April

On 13th April 1111 Henry V Holy Roman Emperor (age 29) was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

On 13th April 1360 a freak weather event known as Black Monday Hailstorm occurred as the army of King Edward III of England (age 47) were camped outside Chartres [Map]. Thomas Beauchamp 11th Earl Warwick (age 47), William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton (age 50), Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 50), Edward "Black Prince" (age 29) and Walter Mauny were present. Around one thousand English were killed, with up to six thousand horses. King Edward III of England believed the event to be an Act of God and proceeded to negotiate with the French resulting in the Treaty of Brétigny.

On 28th April 1360 Guy Beauchamp died from injuries received during the Black Monday Hailstorm.

Chronicle of Jean de Venette. [13th April 1360] The next day, however, that is, the second feria30, it rained and hailed so abundantly all day long that the strength of the horses failed. They could not pull their loads, and the wagons, soaked with rain, remained stationary on the roads and highways. Many horses and their drivers were pitiably drowned by the hail and the torrential rains. It is said that the English incurred very heavy losses both of baggage and of men on that day31.

Note 30. This is a synonym for Monday, and was a form for referring to the days of the week without using their pagan names.

Note 31. For the other contemporary comments on this storm see Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V, 11, 191-92. "In this same yere, the xiiii day off Aprill Kyng Edward with his Oost lay byfore the Citee off Parys; the which was a ffoule Derke day off myste, and off haylle, and so bytter colde, that syttyng on horse bak men dyed. Wherefore, unto this day yt ys called blak Monday, and wolle be longe tyme here affter." Chronicles of London, p. 13.

Chronicle of Henry Knighton. [13th April 1360] For as they were returning from the city of Paris toward the region of Orléans in the Beauce, a terrible storm suddenly arose — with thunder, lightning, and then hail — and it killed an uncountable number of people and more than 6,000 horses, so that the baggage train of the army was almost entirely lost. It became absolutely necessary to return toward England. But God turned the misery of necessity into a moment of honor for royal majesty. For the pope sent solemn envoys with letters to the king of England to begin negotiations for peace and reconciliation. And they negotiated at Morancez near Chartres, and the negotiations continued on the fifth day of May. Then the king prepared to return to England, both because of necessity and because of the form of the treaty; and whatever they had, they consigned to flame and fire due to the lack of transport—tents, utensils, wagons, saddles, and almost all other things. Nam in eorum reditu de civitate Parisiensi versus partes de Orlions in I'evosina subito supervenit horribilis tempestas tonitrui fulguris deinde grandinis, et occidit gentes absque numero et plusquam vj. millia equorum, ita quod cariagium exercitus defecit fere in toto, et oportuit necessario redire versus Angliam, sed deus transtulit miseriam necessitatis in honorem regi majestatis® Nam papa misit nuncios solemnes cum literis ad regem Anglie ad tractandum de pace et concordia.

Et tractaverunt apud Morens prope Chartres et continuatus est tractatus quinto die Maii. Quando rex disposuit se redire versus Angliam, tum propter necessitatem tum propter formam trac. tatus, quæcunque habebant miserunt flamma et incendio præ defectu cariagii, tentoria, utensilia, currus, sellas, et caters quasi cuncta.

Chronicle of Guillaume Nangis. On the next day, that is, the following Monday [13th April 1360], there was such an abundance of rain and hail throughout the whole day that most of the English wagons and carts remained stuck in the roads and paths, soaked from the excessive downpour. The horses were exhausted and unable to pull them, and in fact, many were miserably drowned together with their drivers by the inestimable torrents of hail and rain. So much so that on that day the English, due to these obstacles, suffered tremendous losses — both in their belongings and in the lives of many who perished, as is reported.

In crastino autem, scilicet feria secunda sequente, per totum diem fuit tantorum imbrium etgrandinum abundantia, quod maxima pars bigarum et curruum ipsorum Anglicorum in viis et itineribus imbre nimio madentibus remansit, equis deficientibus nec trahere valentibus, sed potius multis cum ductoribus suis a grandinibus et aquis pluvialibus inæstimabilibus raiserabiliter suffocatis; in tantum quod illa die Anglici, ex hujusmodi impedimento, jacturam maximam de rebus suis et de corporibus multorum qui deficiebant, ut dicitur, incurrerunt.

Chronicle of Four Premiers Valois. [13th April 1360] King Edward of England, after he had lifted his siege before Reims, rode with his army until he crossed the Seine and entered the Gâtinais, ravaging and pillaging the land. And he advanced so far that he and his army came into the Chartres region. And there fell upon his army and upon him a very great storm, from which many Englishmen died, and even more of their horses. Such a thing had once before happened, in that very region, to Rou, king in part of Denmark, first duke of Normandy—his ancestor, descended from him in direct line from father to son, down to King William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, who conquered England. Wherefore the said Edward, King of England, considering that in former times enemies who laid waste to the land of Our Lady of Chartres had there suffered torments, and now in that same land a torment had fallen upon his army, departed from the land as soon as he could, and rode onward before Paris.

Le roy Edouart d'Angleterre, apres ce qu'il oult levé son siege de par devant Rains, chevauca tant o son host qu'il passa Seyne et vint en Gastinois bruiant et courant le pais. Et tant esploita que lui et son host vindrent en Chartrain. Et là chey sur son host et sur lui une très grant tempeste dont moult d'Angloiz moururent et plus encorres de leurs chevaulx. Ainsi avint jadiz eu dit terrouail à Rou, roy en partie de Danemarche, premier duc de Normendie, son anceseur, descendu de lui par droicte ligne de père en filz par la succession du roy Guillaume Le Bastard, duc de Normendie, qui conquist Angleterre. Par quoy le dit Edouart roy d'Angleterre, considérant que jadiz les ennemis qui degastoient la terre Nostre Dame de Chartres avoient là receu tourmens, et en icelle terre lui cheoit sur son host tourment, le plus tost qu'il poult se parti du pais, et vint chevaucant par devant Paris.

Scalaronica. On Sunday the 13th of April [1360] it became necessary to make a very long march toward Beauce, by reason of want of fodder for the horses. The weather was desperately bad with rain, hail and snow, and so cold that many weakly men and horses perished in the field. They abandoned many vehicles and much baggage on account of the cold, the wind and the wet, which happened to be worse this season than any old memory could recall.

A Chronicle of London. [13th April 1360] This same yere, that is for to seye the yere of oure lord a MCCCLX [1360], the xiiij day of Aprill thanne beynge the morwe after Estre day, kyng Edward with hys oost lay aboughte Parys; whiche day was a foul derk day of myst and of hayl, and so bitter cold that manye men deyde for cold: wherfore unto this day manye men callen it the blake Moneday.

Thomas Walsingham Chronicon Angliæ 1360. [13th April 1360] And on the morrow, the Octave of Easter, he turned his standards with the army toward Orléans, pillaging, laying waste, and consuming many things with fire. At that time, there arose such a fierce and unheard-of storm that many thousands of men and horses in the King's army, while on the march, perished—suddenly collapsing dead due to the intense harshness of the cold. Yet these things did not in the least terrify the King or his men, so as to prevent them from continuing with their undertakings.

Et in crastino, Octavis Paschæ, convretit signa cum excrcitu versus Aurclianum, prædando, vastando, et igni consumendo plurima. Quo tempore ingruebat tam sæva tempestas et inaudita, ut plura millia hominum et equorum in Regis exercitu itinerando perirent, subito mortua corruendo præ frigoris imminentis aspcritatc. Quæ tantum Regem nec suos terruerunt, quin procederent cum inceptis.

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The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall describes the reigns of Kings Henry II, Richard I, John and Henry III, providing a wealth of information about their lives and the events of the time. Ralph's work is detailed, comprehensive and objective. We have augmented Ralph's text with extracts from other contemporary chroniclers to enrich the reader's experience. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

History of Charles V. Black Monday Hailstorm7, On Monday, April 13 [1360], the English army, while on the march, was struck by a storm — a true cyclone — of incredible violence, made especially dangerous by the size of the hailstones, which in just a few minutes killed many horses from the baggage teams and even a good number of men. It is hardly possible to deny the reality of "Black Monday," which is mentioned in almost all the chronicles1. Froissart2 attributes to this chance event consequences out of proportion with the actual disaster3. It is possible that Edward III saw in this unleashing of the elements a sign of divine wrath, and above all a reason not to march over the lands of the Church of Chartres. Had not the first Duke of Normandy, Rollo, suffered a bloody defeat for waging war there4. One can thus accept that Edward III may have made a vow to Our Lady of Chartres — provided it is not seen as the sole or decisive reason for the treaty that followed shortly after. Indeed, the storm of April 13 did not halt the English march for long. It continued on to Bonneval and Châteaudun, perhaps aiming for Vendôme, but slowly enough that the Abbot of Cluny was able to resume negotiations — twice previously broken off. Even within his own entourage, the King of England had a passionate advocate for peace; with greater authority, the Duke of Lancaster might have played the role of Cineas to Pyrrhus. He wisely pointed out that "in one day one could lose more than had been gained in twenty years." And in fact, it had taken just one day of tempest to deprive the English army of its baggage and to leave it in a pitiful state.

VII. —Le lundi 13 avril, l'armée anglaise fut atteinte en pleine marche, par un orage — véritable cyclone — d'une violence inouïe, redoutable surtout par la grosseur des grêlons qui, en quelques minutes, tuèrent quantité de chevaux des attelages et même bon nombre d'hommes. Il n'est guère possible de nier la réalité du "black monday", dont presque toutes les chroniques font mention. Froissart attribue à cet événement fortuit des conséquences hors de proportion avec le désastre. Il est possible qu'Edouard III ait vu dans ce déchaînement des éléments un signe de la colère céleste, et surtout un motif de ne pas passer sur les terres de l'église de Chartres. N'était-ce pas pour y avoir porté la guerre que le premier duc de Normandie, Rollon, avait subi une sanglante défaite? On peut donc admettre qu'un vœu ait été fait par Edouard III à Notre-Dame de Chartres, mais à la condition de n'y pas voir la cause déterminante et unique du traité qui intervint peu de temps après. En effet, l'orage du 13 avril n'arrêta pas longtemps la marche des Anglais. Elle continua sur Bonneval et Chateaudun, peut-être avec Vendôme pour objectif, mais assez lentement pour que l'abbé de Clunypût revenir à la charge et reprendre les négociations, par deux fois rompues. Dans son entourage même, le roi d'Angleterre trouvait un chaleureux avocat de la paix ; avec plus d'autorité, le duc de Lancastre aurait joué le rôle de Cineas auprès de Pyrrhus. Il représentait sagement "qu'en un jour on pourrait perdre plus qu'on n'avait gagné en vingt ans". Et de fait, il avait suffi d'un jour de tempête pour priver l'armée anglaise de ses équipages et pour la mettre dans un pitoyable état.

Note 1. The Great Chronicles say nothing about it.

Les Gr. Chr. n'en disent rien.

Note 2. See Henry Knighton, Volume 2, Page 112.

Note 3. See Chronicle of London from 1189 to 1483 edited by Nicholas Harris-Nicolas, London, Longman and C°, 1827, in-8°, p. 64, ao XXXVI (1360), and Scalaronica, Continuation of the Chronicle of Nangiaco, Froissart Book 2 Chapter 211.

Note 4. See Chronicle of Four Premiers Valois. Rollo, who had come to besiege Chartres, was defeated on July 20, 918, by Richard, Duke of Burgundy, and Robert the Strong. (Orderic Vitalis, vol. I, pp. 160–161; vol. III, p. 143).

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History of Bernard Guesclin. [13th April 1360] The storm, which breaks out at that moment near Chartres, comes just in time to save his pride at the end of a campaign that had so miserably failed. This storm is the pretext, the opportunity, if you will—not the cause—of the sudden change in the dispositions of the King of England, which then made possible the conclusion of the Treaty of Brétigny. In reality, the invader's ambition was broken by the foresight and wisdom of the regent Charles, seconded by the patriotic resistance of the people. The proud Edward prefers to let it be believed that he was defeated by the heavens.

La tempête, qui éclate sur ces entrefaites aux environs de Chartres, vient à point pour sauver son amourpropre à la fin d'une campagne qui a si misérablement avorté. Cette tempête est le prétexte, l'occasion, si l'on veut, non la cause du changement soudain qui se fait alors dans les dispositions du roi d'Angleterre et qui rend possible la conclusion du traité de Brétigny. En réalité, l'ambition de l'envahisseur s'est brisée contre la sagesse prévoyante du régent Charles secondé par la patriotique résistance des populations. L'orgueilleux Edouard aime mieux laisser croire qu'il a été vaincu par le ciel.

Note 1. Edward III, like all conquerors, took particular care in shaping public opinion. Froissart is the only chronicler who presents the storm of April 13, 1360 as the determining cause of the peace agreed near Chartres: "And then the King of England looked toward the Church of Our Lady of Chartres and vowed and devotedly surrendered himself to Our Lady, and promised—as he later said and confessed—that he would agree to peace." But this passage is only found in the first version of the first book of his Chronicles, a version written, as is known, from the English point of view and, so to speak, under the dictation of the knights at the court of Edward III. The chronicler from Valenciennes removed this passage in his second version; he merely notes that after this storm the English king "was much more humble and gentle than before." The Grandes Chroniques de France (vol. VI, pp. 170–171) do not mention the storm in question at all. Finally, the only contemporary English chronicle that does mention it, that of the monk of St. Albans, denies that this storm had any influence on Edward's decisions: "At that time there struck such a fierce and unheard-of storm that several thousand men and horses from the king's army perished suddenly, collapsing from the extreme cold. Yet neither the king nor his men were frightened by this from continuing with their undertaking." (Chronicon Angliæ (1328–1388), by a monk of St. Albans, London, 1874, p. 42.) Thomas Walsingham, for the period from 1328 to 1388, merely reproduced the chronicle of the monk of St. Albans.

Edouard III mettait, comme tous les conquérants, un soin particulier à travailler l'opinion publique. Froissart est le seul chroniqueur qui présente l'orage du 13 avril 1360 comme la cause déterminante de la paix convenue près de Chartres : "Et adonc regarda li rois d'Engleterre devers l'église Nostre Dame de Chartres, et se voa et rcndi dévotement à Nostre Dame et prommist, si com il dist et confessa depuis, que il s'accorderuit à le pais." Mais ce passage ne se trouve que dans la première rédaction du Ier livre de ses Chroniques, rédaction écrite, comme on sait, au point de vue anglais et pour ainsi dire sous la dictée des chevaliers de la cour d'Edouard III. Le chroniqueur de Valenciennes a supprimé, dans sa seconde rédaction, le passage que nous avons souligné; il se contente de faire remarquer qu'après cet orage le roi anglais "fu plus liumbles et plus débonnaires assés que devant." Les Grandes Chroniques de France (t. VI, p. 170, 171) ne disent pas un mot de la tempête dont il s'agit. Enfin, la seule chronique anglaise contemporaine qui en parle, celle du moine de Saint-Alban, nie que cette tempête ait eu aucune influence sur les résolutions d'Edouard : "Quo tempore ingruebat tam sæva tempestas et inaudita, ut plura millia hominum et equoruni in régis exercitu ilinerando périrent, subito mortua corruendo præ frigoris imminentis asperitate. Quæ tamen nec regein nec suas terrucrunt,quin proccderent cum inceptis." Chronicon Anglæ (1328-1388), auctore monacho quodam Sancti Albani, London, 1874, in-8o, p. 42. Thomas Walsingham, pour la période comprise entre 1328 et 1388, n'a fait que reproduire la chronique du moine de Saint-Alban.

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Letters. 13th April 1442. The year unclear. Letter XXXVII. Elizabeth Countess of Oxford (age 32) to Sir John Paston (age 20).

Right entirely well-beloved,.

I greet you well, thanking you of the great gentleness that you have shewed unto my right well-beloved James Arblast, praying you of continuance; and if there be any thing that I may do for you or any of yours here op in any other place I pray you let me wit, and I shall be ready to do it, with the grace of God, who have you in his keeping; and I pray you to be friendly unto my right well-beloved Agnes Arblast, which is to me great pleasure and heart's ease, an you so be. Written at Nevenhow,.

the 13th day of April. Oxford, 1 Elizabeth.

Chronicle of Jean de Waurin. [13th April 1471] The King, having arrived in the said town of Barnet, upon hearing this news from his scouts, did not allow anyone to stay in the town but ordered everyone to march to the fields with him. However, as night was approaching and he could not see his enemies who, as mentioned, were arranged in battle formation, he and his entire army lodged closer to them than he had thought. There, he placed his men in good order, commanding that no noise or disturbance be made that night.

Both armies were well stocked with all sorts of gunpowder engines, but the Earl, by far, had more than the King. Therefore, all night long, hoping to make the King and his army retreat by the fire of his engines, he ordered continuous shooting. However, their shots passed over the entire army without causing harm, and the reason was that they were much closer to the enemy than they had thought. Thus, the King and all his people remained quiet that night, without making any noise or shooting any engines. Consequently, their enemies could not clearly discern the location where he was lodged, which proved very advantageous for him and his people.

Le roy doncques venu en ladite ville de Barnet, entendant ces nouvelles par ses ditz avantcoureurs ne voult souffrir que nulz sejournast en ladite ville, ains commanda que chascun tyrast auz champz en sa compaignie; mais pour ce que la nuit aprochoit et quil ne povoit nullement veoir ses annemis qui, comme dit est, estoient rengies en bataille, il se loga et tout son ost plus prez deulz quil ne cuidoit, ou il mist ses gens en bonne ordonnance, commandant que celle nuit nul ne menast bruit ou noise.

Les deux ostz estoient moult bien garnis de tous engiens a pouldre, mais le comte sans comparoison en avoit plus que le roy, et pour ce, toute la nuit, cuidant faire reculler le roy et son ost par le trait de ses engiens, commanda que toute la nuit on ne cessast de tyrer; mais leur trait passoit tout oultre larmee sans les gre ver, et la cause fut pour ce quilz estoient plus prez des annemis beaucop quilz ne cuidoient; et la le roy et tout son peuple se tindrent celle nuit tous coys, sans noise faire ne nulz engiens gecter, parquoy ses annemis ne peurent plainernent congnoistre la place ou il estoit logie, ce quy fut a luy et auz siens moult prouffitable.

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On 13th April 1532 Frederick Oldenburg was born to King Frederick I of Denmark (age 60) and Sophie of Pomerania Queen Consort of Denmark and Sweden (age 34)..

On 13th April 1534 Thomas More (age 56) was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance First Act of Succession. He refused to take the oath and was duly imprisoned in the Tower of London [Map]. Whilst there Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl Essex (age 49) made several visits in an attempt to persuade More to comply.

Henry Machyn's Diary. 13th April 1561. The xiij day dyd pryche at the Powlles [Map] master Juell (age 38) byshope of Salysbere.

On 13th April 1603 Nicholas Tufton 1st Earl of Thanet (age 25) was knighted.

Diary of Anne Clifford. 13th April 1616. Upon the 13th my Lord (age 27) and Thomas Glenham (age 22) went up to London.

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The Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke. Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

Diary of Anne Clifford. 13th April 1617. The 13th my Lord (age 28) sat where the gentlemen used to sit. He dined abroad in the great Chamber and supped privately with me in the Drawing Chamber and had much discourse of the manners of the folks at court.

On 13th April 1631 Edward Maria Wingfield of Stoneley Priory was buried at St Andrew's Church, Kimbolton [Map].

Edward Maria Wingfield of Stoneley Priory: In 1550 he was born to Thomas Maria Wingfield and Margaret Kaye of Woodsome in Yorkshire at Stonely Priory [Map]. On 13th May 1607 Edward Maria Wingfield of Stoneley Priory was elected the first President of Jamestown Virginia. His term lasted four months only when in September 1607 he was deposed. On 10th April 1608 Edward Maria Wingfield of Stoneley Priory returned to England to answer charges of "being an atheist". In 1631 Edward Maria Wingfield of Stoneley Priory died. He was buried at St Andrew's Church, Kimbolton [Map].

John Evelyn's Diary. 11th April 1640. I went to London to see the solemnity of his Majesty's (age 39) riding through the city in state to the Short Parliament, which began the 13th following,-a very glorious and magnificent sight, the King circled with his royal diadem and the affections of his people: but the day after I returned to Wotton, Surrey [Map] again, where I stayed, my father's (age 53) indisposition suffering great intervals, till April 27th, when I was sent to London to be first resident at the Middle Temple: so as my being at the University, in regard of these avocations, was of very small benefit to me. Upon May the 5th following, was the Parliament unhappily dissolved; and, on the 20th I returned with my brother George to Wotton, Surrey [Map], who, on the 28th of the same month, was married at Albury to Mrs. Caldwell (an heiress of an ancient Leicestershire family1, where part of the nuptials were celebrated.

Note 1. A daughter of Daniel Caldwell, Esq., by Mary, daughter of George Duncomb, Esq., of Albury. She died 15th May, 1644, and he afterwards married the widow of Sir John Cotton.

John Evelyn's Diary. 13th April 1652. I was moved by a letter out of France to publish the letter which some time since I sent to Dean Cosin's (age 57) proselyted son; but I did not conceive it convenient, for fear of displeasing her Majesty (age 21), the Queen.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1661. That done to my Lord's and dined there, and so by water with parson Turner towards London, and upon my telling of him of Mr. Moore to be a fit man to do his business with Bishop Wren (age 75), about which he was going, he went back out of my boat into another to Whitehall, and so I forwards home and there by and by took coach with Sir W. Pen (age 39) and Captain Terne and went to the buriall of Captain Robert Blake, at Wapping, Essex, and there had each of us a ring, but it being dirty, we would not go to church with them, but with our coach we returned home, and there staid a little, and then he and I alone to the Dolphin (Sir W. Batten (age 60) being this day gone with his wife to Walthamstow, Essex [Map] to keep Easter), and there had a supper by ourselves, we both being very hungry, and staying there late drinking I became very sleepy, and so we went home and I to bed.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1662. Thence to Graye's Inn walkes; and there met Mr. Pickering and walked with him two hours till 8 o'clock till I was quite weary. His discourse most about the pride of the Duchess of York (age 25); and how all the ladies envy my Baroness Castlemaine's (age 21). He intends to go to Portsmouth, Hampshire [Map] to meet the Queen (age 23) this week; which is now the discourse and expectation of the town.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1663. By and by the discourse being ended, we fell to my Lord Rutherford's dispatch, which do not please him, he being a Scott, and one resolved to scrape every penny that he can get by any way, which the Committee will not agree to. He took offence at something and rose away, without taking leave of the board, which all took ill, though nothing said but only by the Duke of Albemarle (age 54), who said that we ought to settle things as they ought to be, and if he will not go upon these terms another man will, no doubt.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1663. Up by five o'clock and to my office, where hard at work till towards noon, and home and eat a bit, and so going out met with Mr. Mount my old acquaintance, and took him in and drank a glass or two of wine to him and so parted, having not time to talk together, and I with Sir W. Batten (age 62) to the Stillyard [Map], and there eat a lobster together, and Wyse the King's fishmonger coming in we were very merry half an hour, and so by water to Whitehall, and by and by being all met we went in to the Duke and there did our business and so away, and anon to the Tangier Committee, where we had very fine discourse from Dr. Walker and Wiseman, civilians, against our erecting a court-merchant at Tangier [Map], and well answered in many things by my Lord Sandwich (age 37) (whose speaking I never till now observed so much to be very good) and Sir R. Ford (age 49).

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1666. Up, being called up by my wife's brother, for whom I have got a commission from the Duke of Yorke (age 32) for Muster-Master of one of the divisions, of which Harman (age 29) is Rere-Admirall, of which I am glad as well as he. After I had acquainted him with it, and discoursed a little of it, I went forth and took him with me by coach to the Duke of Albemarle (age 57), who being not up, I took a walk with Balty (age 26) into the Parke, and to the Queene's Chappell, it being Good Friday, where people were all upon their knees very silent; but, it seems, no masse this day.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 13th April 1666. So back and waited on the Duke (age 32) and received some commands of his, and so by coach to Hales's (age 66), where it is pretty strange to see that his second doing, I mean the second time of her sitting, is less like Mrs. Pierce than the first, and yet I am confident will be most like her, for he is so curious that I do not see how it is possible for him to mistake.

On 13th April 1685 Margaret Wilson (age 18), Agnes Wilson and Margaret McLachlan were indicted as being guilty of conventicles. They were found guilty on all charges, and sentenced to be "tied to palisades fixed in the sand, within the floodmark of the sea, and there to stand till the flood o'erflowed them". Agnes Wilson was subsequently granted freedom on a bond of 100 Pounds Scots. Reprieves were written out for the two Margarets with a date of 30th April 1685.

John Evelyn's Diary. 13th April 1694. Mr. Bentley, our Boyle Lecturer, Chaplain to the Bishop of Worcester (age 58), came to see me.

On 13th April 1703 David Colyear 1st Earl Portmore (age 47) was created 1st Earl Portmore. Possibly for having married the King's former mistress Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore (age 45). Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore by marriage Countess Portmore.

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The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, a canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: "In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed." Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 13th April 1751 Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales (deceased) was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map].

On 13th April 1761 Thomas Wallis (age 37) died. He was buried at Lincoln Cathedral [Map].

Thomas Wallis: Around 1724 he was born to Newcomen Wallis and Catherine Collingwood.

On 13th April 1794 Arthur Dillon (age 43) was guillotined. Two weeks before Dillon was called to Paris for questioning and was ultimately arrested on 1 July 1793 despite being stoutly defended by his aide-de-camp François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers. He was condemned for alleged participation in a prison conspiracy.

The armies of the first French Republic and the rise of the marshals of Napoleon I by Phipps, Ramsay Weston, 1838-1923: "Dillon, a Royalist at heart, had better have emigrated, as once at least he wished to do. Arrested on the 1st July 1793, he was included amongst the victims of the alleged ‘conspiration des prisons' and was guillotined on the 13th April 1794, shouting vigorously, ‘Vive le roi', as he mounted the scaffold."

St Peter and St Paul Church, Little Gaddesden. Monument to Anne, youngest daughter of Gervase Norton, dued 13th April 1796 and memorial to her niece Margaret.

Archaeologia Volume 21 Section III. Account of King Edward the Fourth's Second Invasion of England, in 1471, drawn up by one of his Followers; with the King's Letter to the Inhabitants of Bruges upon his success: translated from a French Manuscript in the Public Library at Ghent. Communicated by Edward Jerningham (age 45), Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary. Read 13th April, 1820.

Edward Jerningham: On 14th July 1774 he was born to William Jerningham of Cossey Park 6th Baronet and Frances Dillon. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. On 29th May 1822 Edward Jerningham died.

The Diary of George Price Boyce 1854. 13th April 1854. Rossetti (age 25) came to work on the two drawings. He told me that he had seen Ruskin (age 35) who had been to his studio and complimented him enthusiastically. They had arranged to come here on Saturday to see R.'s two drawings and some of mine. R. thought Ruskin hideous.

On 13th April 1915 William Glynne Charles Gladstone (age 29) was killed in action near Laventie; shot by a sniper. He was initially buried in France, but permission was granted by King George V for his body to be brought back to the United Kingdom. Nine days after his death, his body was disinterred and re-buried in the churchyard of St Deiniol's, Hawarden. His body was the last to be officially repatriated to the United Kingdom during the First World War. As a memorial, a rood was installed at St Deiniol's, Hawarden, and a new theatre and wards at Chester Royal Infirmary. Gladstone is also commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs who died during the War to be named on that memorial.

13th April 1938. The Bystander. Photograph of Deborah Mitford (age 18).

On 13th April 1945 Frederic Raymond Clegg-Hill (age 35) was killed in action.

Births on the 13th April

On 13th April 1229 Louis "Strict" Wittelsbach II Duke Upper Bavaria was born to Otto "Illustrious" Wittelsbach II Duke Bavaria (age 23) and Agnes Welf Duchess Bavaria (age 28) at Heidelburg. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England.

On 13th April 1458 John "Babymaker" La Marck II Duke Cleves was born to John La Marck I Duke Cleves (age 39) and Elizabeth Valois Duchess Cleves (age 19). Coefficient of inbreeding 2.05%.

On 13th April 1532 Frederick Oldenburg was born to King Frederick I of Denmark (age 60) and Sophie of Pomerania Queen Consort of Denmark and Sweden (age 34)..

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The Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke. Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 13th April 1593 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Strafford was born to William Wentworth 1st Baronet (age 31) and Anne Atkins Baroness Wentworth Woodhouse (age 26).

On 13th April 1707 Henry Cavendish 1st Baronet was born to William Cavendish of Doveridge Hall (age 24).

On 13th April 1714 Charles Henry Fitzroy was born to Charles Fitzroy 2nd Duke Grafton (age 30) and Henrietta Somerset Duchess Grafton (age 23). He a great grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.

On 13th April 1732 Lucy North was born to Francis North 1st Earl Guildford (age 28) and Lucy Montagu Baroness Guildford.

On 13th April 1768 Benjamin Bloomfield 1st Baron Bloomfield was born.

On 13th April 1769 Thomas Lawrence was born in Bristol, Gloucestershire [Map].

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The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall describes the reigns of Kings Henry II, Richard I, John and Henry III, providing a wealth of information about their lives and the events of the time. Ralph's work is detailed, comprehensive and objective. We have augmented Ralph's text with extracts from other contemporary chroniclers to enrich the reader's experience. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 13th April 1792 George Wombwell 3rd Baronet was born to George Wombwell 2nd Baronet (age 23) and Anne Belasyse (age 15).

On 13th April 1804 Harriet Canning Marchioness Clanricarde was born to George Canning Prime Mininster (age 34) and Joan Scott Viscountess Canning (age 28).

On 13th April 1815 William Frederick Pollock 2nd Baronet was born to Johnathan Frederick Pollock 1st Baronet (age 31) and Frances Rivers.

On 13th April 1822 Georgiana Liddell Baroness Bloomfield was born to Thomas Liddell 1st Baron Ravensworth (age 47) and Maria Susannah Simpson Baroness Calthorpe (age 49).

On 13th April 1828 Bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot was born to John Jackson Lightfoot and Ann Matilda Barber.

On 13th April 1828 Edward Baring 1st Baron Revelstoke was born to Henry Baring (age 51) and Maria Matilda Bingham (age 45).

On 13th April 1832 Frances Wilhelmina Welby was born to Glynne Earl Welby 3rd Baronet (age 25) and Frances Cholmeley.

On 13th April 1863 Ismay Fitzroy was born to Charles Fitzroy 3rd Baron Southampton (age 58) and Ismania Katharine Nugent Baroness Southampton.

On 13th April 1875 Christopher Thomson 1st Baron Thomson was born.

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The Deeds of King Henry V, or in Latin Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.

Available at Amazon as eBook or Paperback.

On 13th April 1915 Anne Winifred Sullivan Marchioness Westminster was born.

On 13th April 1959 David Frederick Pollock 6th Baronet was born to George Frederick Pollock 5th Baronet (age 30).

Marriages on the 13th April

On 13th April 1614 George Berkeley 8th Baron Berkeley (age 12) and Elizabeth Stanhope Baroness Berkeley (age 9) were married. She by marriage Baroness Berkeley.

On 13th April 1686 Rushout Cullen 3rd Baronet (age 25) and Mary Maynard were married.

On 13th April 1732 Samuel Pegge (age 27) and Anne Clarke were married.

On 13th April 1736 Vere Beauclerk 1st Baron de Vere (age 36) and Mary Chambers Baroness Spencer (age 22) were married. She by marriage Baroness Vere of Hanworth in Middlesex. He the son of Charles Beauclerk 1st Duke St Albans and Diana Vere Duchess St Albans (age 57).

On 13th April 1738 Edward Devereux 11th Viscount Hereford (age 28) and Catherine Mytton were married.

On 13th April 1765 Horatio Mann 2nd Baronet (age 21) and Lucy Noel were married. She the daughter of Baptist Noel 4th Earl Gainsborough and Elizabeth Chapman Countess Gainsborough (age 57).

On 13th April 1769 Penistone Lamb 1st Viscount Melbourne (age 24) and Elizabeth Milbanke Viscountess Melbourne (age 17) were married.

On 13th April 1769 Watkin Williams-Wynn 4th Baronet (age 19) and (age 20) were married. She died fifteen weeks later. She the daughter of Charles Noel Somerset 4th Duke Beaufort and Elizabeth Berekeley Duchess Beaufort (age 56).

On 13th April 1773 William Burrell 2nd Baronet (age 40) and Sophia Raymond Lady Burrell (age 20) were married. The difference in their ages was 20 years. They were second cousins.

On 13th April 1790 John Townshend 2nd Viscount Sydney (age 26) and Sophia Southwell (age 18) were married.

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The Deeds of King Henry V, or in Latin Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.

Available at Amazon as eBook or Paperback.

On 13th April 1912 William Lever 2nd Viscount Leverhulme (age 24) and Marion Beatrice Smith Viscountess Leverhulme (age 25) were married.

On 13th April 1946 Hector Wroth Lethbridge 6th Baronet (age 47) and Evelyn Diana Noel Lady Lethbridge (age 31) were married.

Deaths on the 13th April

On 13th April 1035 Herbert "Wakedog" Maine I Count Maine (age 51) died. His son Hugh (age 15) succeeded IV Count Maine.

On 13th April 1360 a freak weather event known as Black Monday Hailstorm occurred as the army of King Edward III of England (age 47) were camped outside Chartres [Map]. Thomas Beauchamp 11th Earl Warwick (age 47), William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton (age 50), Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 50), Edward "Black Prince" (age 29) and Walter Mauny were present. Around one thousand English were killed, with up to six thousand horses. King Edward III of England believed the event to be an Act of God and proceeded to negotiate with the French resulting in the Treaty of Brétigny.

On 28th April 1360 Guy Beauchamp died from injuries received during the Black Monday Hailstorm.

On 13th April 1367 John Tiptoft 2nd Baron Tibetot (age 53) died. His son Robert (age 26) succeeded 3rd Baron Tibetot.

On 13th April 1444 Walter Tailboys 6th Baron Kyme (age 56) died. His son William (age 29) succeeded 7th Baron Kyme.

On 13th April 1466 Giles Brugge 4th Baron Chandos (age 69) died at Coberley, Gloucestershire. His son Thomas (age 39) succeeded 5th Baron Chandos. Florence Darell Baroness Chandos (age 41) by marriage Baroness Chandos.

On 13th April 1666 Henry Carey 1st Earl Dover (age 86) died at Hunsdon, Hertfordshire [Map]. His son John (age 58) succeeded 2nd Earl Dover, 2nd Viscount Rochford. Abigail Cockayne Countess Dover (age 56) by marriage Countess Dover.

On 13th April 1673 Charles Cornwallis 2nd Baron Cornwallis (age 41) died. His son Charles (age 17) succeeded 3rd Baron Cornwallis.

On 13th April 1679 Thomas Morgan 1st Baronet (age 48) died. His son John (age 28) succeeded 2nd Baronet Morgan of Langattock in Monmouthshire.

On 13th April 1705 Louis Bourbon Duke Brittany died.

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The Deeds of King Henry V, or in Latin Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.

Available at Amazon as eBook or Paperback.

On 13th April 1755 Edward Stawell 4th Baron Stawell died. Baron Stawell of Somerton in Somerset extinct. His daughter Mary Stawell 1st Baroness Stawell (age 30) inherited his estates. She was created Baron Stawell of Somerton in Somerset in 1760.

On 13th April 1764 John Redmond Freke 3rd Baronet died without issue. Baronet Freke of West Bilney in Norfolk extinct. His estates were inherited by his sister Grace Freke wife of John Evans.

On 13th April 1766 Walter Vavasour 5th Baronet died. His son Walter (age 22) de jure 24th Baron Vavasour, 6th Baronet Vavasour of Hazlewood in Yorkshire.

On 13th April 1784 Bourchier Wrey 6th Baronet (age 70) died. His son Bourchier (age 27) succeeded 7th Baronet Wrey of Trebitch in Cornwall.

On 13th April 1796 Bellingham Graham 6th Baronet (age 32) died. His son Bellingham (age 6) succeeded 7th Baronet Graham of Norton Conyers in Yorkshire.

On 13th April 1824 James Graham 1st Baronet (age 63) died. His son James (age 31) succeeded 2nd Baronet Graham of Netherby in Cumberland.

On 13th April 1825 Mary Cunliffe Lady Brooke died.

On 13th April 1825 Harriet Cunliffe Lady Brooke died.

On 13th April 1860 Henry Edward Bunbury 7th Baronet (age 82) died. His son Charles (age 51) succeeded 8th Baronet Bunbury of Bunbury in Oxfordshire and Stanney Hall in Cheshire.

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The Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke. Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 6th April 1863 Lydia Haggaer Lady Buckworth-Herne-Soame died. She was buried on 13th April 1863.

On 13th April 1871 John Lister Lister-Kaye 2nd Baronet (age 69) died. His grandson John (age 18) succeeded 3rd Baronet Lister-Kaye of Grange in Yorkshire.

On 13th April 1883 Charles Russell 3rd Baronet (age 56) died unmarried. His brother George (age 54) succeeded 4th Baronet Russell of Swallowfield in Berkshire.

On 13th April 1893 George Whichcote 8th Baronet (age 75) died. His son George (age 22) succeeded 9th Baronet Whichcote of the Inner Temple in the City of London.

On 13th April 1910 William Quiller Orchardson (age 78) died.

On 13th April 1918 William Ashley Webb Ponsonby 3rd Baron de Mauley (age 75) died unmarried. His brother Maurice (age 72) succeeded 4th Baron de Mauley.

On 13th April 1919 Rowland Winn 2nd Baron St Oswald (age 61) died. His son Rowland (age 25) succeeded 3rd Baron St Oswald of Nostell in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

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The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, a canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: "In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed." Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 13th April 1944 Hugh Cecil Lowther 5th Earl Lonsdale (age 87) died. His brother Lancelot (age 76) succeeded 6th Earl Lonsdale, 7th Viscount Lowther, 7th Baron Lowther.

On 13th April 1951 Francis Burdett 8th Baronet (age 81) died. Baronet Burdett of Bramcote in Warwickshire dormant. Some sources describe a Paul Andrew Burdett 9th Baronet born 1964?

On 13th April 1972 Hugh Molyneux 7th Earl of Sefton (age 73) died without issue. Earl Sefton, Viscount Molyneux, Baronet Molyneux of Sefton extinct.

On 13th April 1976 John St John 20th Baron St John (age 58) died unmarried. His first cousin Andrew (age 57) succeeded 21st Baron St John of Bletso, 18th Baronet St John of Woodford in Northamptonshire.

On 13th April 1979 Thomas Cholmondeley 4th Baron Delamere (age 78) died. His son Hugh (age 45) succeeded 5th Baron Delamere of Vale Royal in Cheshire.

On 13th April 2007 Michael Perryman Heathcote 11th Baronet (age 79) died. His son Timothy (age 49) succeeded 12th Baronet Heathcote of Hursley in Hampshire.