14 Apr is in April.
978 Coronation of King Æthelred
1322 Trial and Execution of Lord Badlesmere
1470 Execution of John Tiptoft
14th April 1471 Margaret Anjou lands at Weymouth
14th April 1471 Battle of Barnet
Chronicon ex Chronicis by Florence and John of Worcester. 14th April 978. His brother Ethelred [aged 12], the illustrious etheling, a youth of graceful manners, handsome countenance, and fine person, was on the Sunday after Easter, the eighteenth of the calends of May in the sixth indiction, crowned and consecrated king by archbishops Dunstan [aged 69] and Oswald, and ten bishops, at Kingston [Map].
On 14th April 1070 Gerard Metz I Duke Lorraine [aged 40] died. His son Theodoric [aged 15] succeeded II Duke Lorraine.
On 14th April 1109 Fulk "Réchin" Anjou 4th Count Anjou [aged 66] died. In 1109 His son Fulk [aged 20] succeeded V Count Anjou.
On 14th April 1118 Baldwin II King Jerusalem [aged 43] was crowned King Jerusalem.
Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden. 14th April 1194. On the fourteenth day, the king arrived at Freemantle1.
Quartadecima die venit rex ad Fresmantel:
Note 1. Kingsclere, Hampshire, often referred to as Freemantle, was the location of hunting lodge.
On 14th April 1204 Henry I King Castile was born to Alfonso VIII King Castile [aged 48] and Eleanor Plantagenet Queen Consort Castile [aged 42]. He a grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He married (1) 1215 his second cousin once removed Mafalda Burgundy Queen Consort Castile, daughter of Sancho "Populator" I King Portugal and Dulce Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal (2) 1216 his second cousin Sancha Ivrea Queen Consort Castile, daughter of Alfonso IX King Leon and Theresa of Portugal Queen Consort Leon.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. At last, when the appointed day arrived [14th April 1293], they came together there fully equipped with weapons of war. And just as there had been a disparity in their spirits, so too on that day there arose the greatest imbalance in the elements, namely, snow, hail, and a fierce wind. A fierce battle was joined between the parties, and at last Almighty God granted victory to our side. Many thousands perished by the sword, besides those drowned with their ships, who were almost beyond number. Our men brought back about 240 ships laden with spoils. When this was reported to King Philip of France, although his brother Charles had been the chief instigator of this naval battle, he nevertheless sent messengers to the King of England, urgently demanding that reparations be made, that the perpetrators be punished and handed over, and that an enormous sum of money be paid to compensate for the plundering of his merchants. To these demands our king wisely replied that he would respond through his own appointed representatives. And having sent his own envoys, he requested the King of France, as both kinsman and overlord, to name a specific day and place, to which both sides with common counsel might come together to discuss the matter amicably and to proceed according to what the truth of the case would require. But this offer was rejected by the King of France, who, with the advice of his nobles, ordered the King of England to be summoned by writ to appear on a fixed day before his court, to answer for the aforesaid injuries. When the King of England did not appear on the appointed day, it was ordered and judged by the court of the King of France that all his lands across the sea should be seized. He was to be summoned again to appear on another day, under penalty of forfeiting all his transmarine possessions.
Adveniente demum die, convenerunt ibidem armis bellicis sufficienter instructi, et sicut in eis fuerat disparitas animorum sic et eodem die contigit maxima inæqualitas elementorum, nivis scilicet et grandinis ventique validissimi; consertumque est grave proelium inter partes, et tandem victoriam dedit nostris ipse Deus omnipotens, perieruntque gladio multa millia præter submersos cum navibus quasi infinitos, reduxeruntque nostri onustas cum præda naves circiter CCXL. Quæ cum Philippo regi Francourum nunciata fuissent, licet frater ejus Carolus hujus navalis proelii auctor extitisset, missis tamen ad regem Angliæ nunciis obnixe petiit emendas sibi fieri, auctoresque facti puniendos tradi, et infinitam pecuniæ summam pro spoliatione mercatorum suorum liberari. Quibus rex noster prudenter respondit quod per proprios responsales ad interrogata responderet; missisque nunciis rogavit regem Francourum tanquam parentem et dominum ut certos diem et locum nominaret ad quos cum communi consilio hinc inde properarent, amicabiliter super hujusmodi tractaturi, et facturi ulterius quod ipsa rei veritas suaderet. Quod quidem oblatum rex Franciæ non admittens, de communi consilio magnatum suorum præcepit regem Angliæ per brevem vocari, certo die super hujusmodi injuriis in curia sua responsurum. Qui, cum ad diem non veniret, præceptum fuit et a curia regis Franciæ judicatum, quod tota terra sua transmarina seisiretur, et iterum recitaretur ad diem alterum, sub pœna forisfacturæ totius terræ suæ transmarinæ responsurus.
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On 14th April 1322 Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere [aged 46] was tried by Henry Cobham 1st Baron Cobham [aged 62] at Canterbury, Kent [Map].
Sentenced to death Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere was drawn for three miles behind a horse to Blean, Canterbury, where he held property, where he was beheaded. His head was displayed on the Burgh Gate, Canterbury and the rest of his body left hanging at Blean, Canterbury. He was buried at Whitefriars. His nephew Henry Burghesh's [aged 30] lands were also seized. These were restored around 1326.
Sempringham Continuation. A.D. 1322, on the tenth day sir Bartholomew of Badlesmere [aged 46] was captured in a small wood near Brickden1, and taken by the earl of Mar to Canterbury, and there he was drawn, beheaded, and hanged [14th April 1322]. And sir Bartholomew de Burghersh, who had married his sister [Maud Badlesmere Baroness Burghesh] was also drawn and hanged there1.
Note 1. Possibly near the Bishop of Lincoln's Palace, Buckden [Map].
Note 2. The Chronicler here is confused. Robert Burghesh 1st Baron Burghesh, who had married Bartholomew's sister Maud Badlesmere Baroness Burghesh, died in 1306?
Rymer's Fœdera Volume 2. Concerning the Pardon for John Mautravers [aged 39]
The King, to all his bailiffs and faithful subjects to whom, etc., greeting.
Know that whereas, in our parliament held at Westminster in the first year of our reign, taking into account the pleasing and praiseworthy services rendered in many ways by our beloved and faithful John Mautravers to Queen Isabella of England, our most dear mother, and to ourselves, both in the cause of our said mother and of ourselves against Hugh le Despenser the Younger and others, then our enemies and rebels, as well as in other places, by the assent of the prelates, earls, barons, and magnates of our realm, we granted pardon to the same John for the suit of our peace which belonged to us, for all homicides, felonies, robberies, burglaries, larcenies, and whatsoever other transgressions committed by him against the peace of Lord Edward, late King of England, our father, and against our own peace, within our realm, for which he had been indicted, arraigned, or appealed;
And we also pardoned to the same John all manner of actions, obligations, complaints, accusations, and demands which we then had or could have had against him, because he, by armed force, had entered the castles, towns, and manors which belonged to the said Hughs [i.e. Hugh le Despenser the Elder and Younger], or to their adherents, or to our other enemies both in England and in Wales; and had caused those castles to be besieged, had taken and imprisoned men, and had carried away the goods and chattels of the said Hughs and of the said enemies found in those castles, towns, and manors, or elsewhere; and also any outlawries that might have been promulgated against him on account of these things, and we granted him our firm peace therein:
Willing that he should not, on account of the premises or any of them, by us or by our heirs, or by any of our officers whatsoever, be troubled, molested, or burdened in any way.
And since the said John did not at that time sue out our letters of such pardon, we, taking into consideration the good and laudable conduct of the same John, and also the acceptable service which he rendered us in the second year of our reign, when lately, to restrain the rebellion of certain men then opposing us, he rode with our army, wishing to provide for his security, we have pardoned to him the suit of our peace, which belongs to us, for all homicides, felonies, robberies, burglaries, and whatsoever other transgressions committed by him against our peace within our realm up to the making of these presents, for which he stands indicted, arraigned, or appealed;
And also all manner of actions, obligations, complaints, accusations, and demands which we have or may have against him, because he by armed force entered the castles, towns, and manors which belonged to the said Hughs or their adherents, or to any others lately opposing us in our said campaign, and caused those castles to be besieged, took and imprisoned men, and carried off goods and chattels found in those castles, towns, and manors, or elsewhere within our land of England and Wales; and also any outlawries that may have been promulgated against him on account of these matters, and we grant him our firm peace therein:
Willing that the aforesaid John, on account of the premises or any of them, shall not be molested or burdened in any way by us or our heirs, or by any of our officers whatsoever.
In witness whereof, etc.
Given at Wallingford, the 14th day of April [1329].
By writ of the privy seal.
He has similar letters: Bartholomew de Burghersh [aged 42] likewise.
Witness as above.
By the King himself.
De pardonatione pro Johanne de Mautravers.
Rex, omnibus ballivis & fidelibus suis, ad quos, &c. salutem.
Sciatis quod cum in parliamento nostro apud Westm' tento, anno regni nostri primo, attendentes grata & laudabilia obsequia per dilectum & fidelem nostrum Johannem Mautravers, Isabellæ Reginæ Angl', matri nostræ carissimæ, & nobis, tam in querelâ ipsius matris nostræ, & nostrâ, versus Hugonem le Despenser juniorem, ac alios, tunc inimicos & rebelles nostros, quam alibi, multipliciter impensa, de assensu prelatorum, comitum, baronum, & procerum regni nostri, pardonâssemus eidem Johanni sectam pacis nostræ, quæ ad nos pertinuit, pro homicidiis, feloniis, roberiis, burgariis, latrociniis, & aliis transgressionibus quibuscumque, per ipsum contra pacem domini E. nuper Regis Angl', patris nostri, & nostram, in regno nostro perpetratis: unde indictatus, rectatus, seu appellatus extitit;
Pardonâssemus eciam eidem Johanni omnimodas actiones, obligaciones, querelas, accusaciones, & demandas, si quas erga ipsum tunc habuimus vel habere potuimus, pro eo quod castra, villas, & maneria, quæ fuerunt predictorum Hugonis & Hugonis, seu eis adherentium, aut aliorum inimicorum nostrorum tam in Angliâ quam in Walliâ, armatâ potenciâ ingressus fuit, & eadem castra obsideri fecit, homines cepit & imprisonavit, bona & catalla, quæ fuerunt predictorum Hugonis & Hugonis, ac aliorum inimicorum nostrorum predictorum in eisdem castris, villis & maneriis, seu alibi inventa, asportavit; & utlagarias, si quæ in ipsum hiis occasionibus fuissent promulgatæ, & firmam pacem nostram ei indè concesserimus:
Nolentes quod ipse, occasione premissorum, vel alicujus eorum, per nos vel heredes nostros, seu ministros nostros quoscumque, occasionaretur, molestaretur in aliquo, seu gravaretur:
Et idem Johannes litteras nostras de hujusmodi pardonacione tunc non fuit prosecutus:
Nos, ad bonum & laudabilem gestum ipsius Johannis, necnon ad gratum servicium quod nobis fecit, anno regni nostri secundo, dum nuper ad refrenandum rebellionem quorumdam nobis tunc contrariantium, cum excercitu nostro equitabamus, consideracionem habentes; ac volentes securitati ejusdem Johannis providere, pardonavimus ei sectam pacis nostræ, quæ ad nos pertinet pro homicidiis, feloniis, roberiis, burgariis, & aliis transgressionibus quibuscumque per ipsum contra pacem nostram, usque ad confectionem presencium, in regno nostro perpetratis, unde indictatus, rectatus, seu appellatus existit;
Necnon omnimodas actiones, obligaciones, querelas, accusaciones & demandas, si quas erga ipsum habemus vel habere poterimus, pro eo quod castra, villas, maneria, quæ fuerunt predictorum Hugonis & Hugonis, seu eis adherencium, aut aliorum quorumcumque nuper contrariancium in equitatu nostro predicto, armata potenciâ ingressus fuit, & eadem castra obsideri fecit, homines cepit & imprisonavit, bona & catalla in eisdem castris, villis & maneriis, seu alibi infra terram nostram Angl' & Wallie inventa, asportavit; & utlagarias, si quæ in ipsum hiis occasionibus fuerint promulgatæ, & firmam pacem nostram ei indè concedimus:
Nolentes quod predictus Johannes occasione premissorum, vel alicujus eorum, per nos & heredes nostros, seu ministros nostros, quoscumque molestetur in aliquo, seu gravetur.
T. R. apud Walyngford, xiiii. die Aprilis.
Per breve de privato sigillo.
Consimiles litteras habet Bartholomeus de Burghersh'.
T. ut supra.
Per ipsum Regem.
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On 14th April 1374 Archbishop Alexander Neville [aged 33] was appointed Archbishop of York.
On 14th April 1445 Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke Warwick [aged 20] was created 1st Duke Warwick by his third cousin King Henry VI of England and II of France [aged 23]. Cecily Neville Duchess Warwick [aged 21] by marriage Duchess Warwick.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 14th April 1447 Lionel Welles 6th Baron Welles [aged 41] and Margaret Beauchamp Duchess Somerset [aged 37] were married. She by marriage Baroness Welles. They were fourth cousin once removed. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward I of England.
Memoires Jacques du Clercq. At that time, after Easter had passed, in the year 1450, three thousand English from the realm of England landed at Cherbourg, whose leader was Thomas Kyriell. They rode by stages as far as the suburb of Valognes, where the guard and captain for the King of France was a squire from Poitou named Albert Regnault; and there they laid siege. This captain held out for a long time without being relieved, until at last he surrendered and departed, he and his companions, with their goods, horses, and armour safe. During this time and siege, the French were assembling from all sides to try to raise the said siege of Valognes; and when the English learned of this, they likewise assembled to hold the field. They set out from Caen with five to six hundred fighting men, led by Sir Robert Vere; from the town of Bayeux eight hundred, led by Mathieu Go; from the town of Vire four to five hundred, led by Sir Henry Norbery. These joined with those newly arrived from England, so that they numbered five to six thousand fighting men. All these English companies thus assembled passed the fords of Saint-Clément toward Bayeux and Caen; and when the French, who had taken the field to seek them out, learned of this, they pursued them, riding hard, some on one side and others on another. At last, on the fourteenth of April in the said year 1450, Sir Geoffroy de Couvran and Joachim Rohault caught up with them and struck fiercely upon the rear guard of the English, killing many. They then withdrew and made known their actions and the condition of the English to the Constable of France, who was at Saint-Lô, and likewise informed the Count of Clermont, who was in the field seeking them. The Count of Clermont was immediately joined by the Count of Eu, the seneschal of Poitou, the lords of Montgommery and of Rays, Admiral of France, the seneschal of Bourbonnais, the lords of Magny and of Mouy, Robert de Longueval, Sir Geoffroy de Couvran, Joachim Rohault, and Olivier de Brion; and when they had assembled together, they hastened to where the English were and found them in a field near a village called Formigny, between Carentan and Bayeux.
EN ce temps, aprés les Pasques passés, l'an mil iiijc l, descendirent a Chierbourg trois mille Anglois du pays d'Angleterre, dont estoit chief Thomas Bririel, lesquels chevaucherent par leurs journées jusqu'au faulxbouro de Valoingnes, dont estoit garde et capitaine pour le roy de Franche uno cscuyer de Poitou, nommé Albert Regnault, et illecq meirent le siege; lequel capitaine tint longuement le siege sans estre secouru, et tant qu'enfin le rendeit et s'en parteit lui et ses compagnons, saulfs biens chevaulx et harnois. Durant ce temps et siege estoient les Franchois assemblés de toutes parts pour cuider lever le siege de Valoingnes, devant dict, et quant les Anglois le sceurent, ils s'assemblerent pareillement pour tenir les champs, et partirent de Caen de v a vjc combattants, dont estoit conduiseur messire Robert Vere; et de la ville de Bayeulx viijc combattants, dont estoit chief et conduiseur Mathago; de la ville de Vires iiij a cinq cens combattants, dont estoit chief et conduiseur messire Henry Morbery; lesquers assemblerent avecq ceulx qui estoient de nouvel venus d'Angleterre, tant qu'ils se trouverent de cinq a six mille combattants. Toutes les compagnies d'Anglois cy dessus declarées, assemblées, ils passerent les guets St Clement, pour l'hyver, vers Bayeulx et vers Caen; et lors les Franchois qui s'estoient mis sur les champs pour les trouver le sceurept, lesquels les poursuivirent et chevaucherent fort les ungs d'un costé, les aultres d'aultre, tant qu'en la fin, le xiiije d'apvril l'an dessusdit mil quatre cens cinquante, les attaignicent messire Geoffroy de Couvran et Joachim Rohault, lesquels ferirent asprement sur l'arriere-garde des Anglois et en tuerent plusieurs, puis se retraierent feirent sçavoir au connestable de Franche qui estoit a St Loup, leur faict et le faict des Anglois, et pareillement le feirent sçavoir au comte de Clermont, qui estoit sur les champs pour les querir, lequel incontinent fust qcvompagnié du cornte de Chastres, du seneschal de Poitou, des Srs de Montgary et de Ray, admiral de Franche, du seneschal de Bourbonnois, des Srs de Manye de Mouy et de Robert Lomgam, messire Geoffroy de Couvran, Joachim Robault et Olivier de Brion, lesquels, assemblés ensemble, hastivement ou estoient les Anglois et les trouverent en ung champ prés ung villaige nommé Fourmigny, entre Careton et Bayeulx.
Memoires Jacques du Clercq. In the year of grace fourteen hundred and fifty-one, in Passion Week, in the city of Brussels in Brabant, the three Members of Flanders, that is to say, those of Bruges, Ypres, and the Franc, came, together with a Carthusian monk from the charterhouse of Ghent, to the Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders; and on the very day of blessed Good Friday in the morning they approached the duke. Knowing that the duke intended to enter the land of Flanders with force of men-at-arms to subdue the men of Ghent, they cast themselves on their knees before him. And the Carthusian, speaking for all, gently and humbly begged the duke, in honour of that holy day, to have pity on his land of Flanders, and especially on his good city of Ghent, and that of his grace he would pardon his anger and the offenses that had been committed against him. The people of Ghent, he said, were ready to make amends according to the judgment and ordinance of the duke's council; and if they were unwilling, they would do what they could to compel them. To this the duke replied that, out of reverence for Good Friday, on which day they stood before him, and provided that reparation were made according to the advice of his council, he forgave their offenses. And while the said three members and the Carthusian were with the duke negotiating peace, certain peasants from around the town of Oudenaarde, who had placed some of their goods there for fear of the war, assembled together to the number of about twelve hundred and came to the gate of Oudenaarde, intending to enter; but the gates were closed against them. Word was brought to Sir Simon de Lalaing, the duke's captain in that place, who was in the castle, that there were many men outside who said they had goods in the town and wished to enter. Sir Simon de Lalaing, a valiant knight and experienced in war, not knowing their intentions, refused them entry until he had received orders from the duke, who had appointed him to guard the town. When those outside heard this response, thinking they would be admitted, they at once withdrew toward the city of Ghent and reported to the men of Ghent that they had placed their goods in Oudenaarde, but when they asked to enter to recover them, the townsmen had shut the gates and refused them entry, and they begged that something be done so they might regain their goods. As soon as the hoyguemans of the city of Ghent heard this, they told them they would recover their goods for them. They then raised their banners and assembled a great multitude of people, to the number of fifteen thousand or more, men of all estates and trades; and on the fourteenth day of April 1452, after Easter, they marched out of the city of Ghent with a large train of wagons loaded with engines and provisions, and went to lay siege around the town of Oudenaarde, which lies about five leagues from Ghent. But before they reached the town, Sir Simon de Lalaing, fearing that the Ghenters would occupy the suburbs, went out of the town with the few men-at-arms he had and engaged them in a skirmish; but he achieved little, for he had to withdraw because of their great numbers. As he withdrew, he set fire to the suburbs of Oudenaarde and burned them, then re-entered the town. The men of Ghent encamped all around it and besieged it on all sides, so that neither provisions nor people could enter the town.
L'AN de grace mil quatre cens cinquante et ung, en la semaine peneuse, en la ville de Bruxelles en Braband, vindrent les trois membres de Flandres; c'est a sçavoir: ceulx de Bruges, d'Ipres et du Franc, avecq eulx ung chartreux du chartrousaige de Gand, devers le duc de Bourgogne, comte de Flandres, et droitement par le jour du beneist et grand venderdy au matin s'approcherent du duc, et eulx sçachant que le duc avoit vollonté d'entrer au pays de Flandres a forche de gensdarmes pour subjuguer les Gantois, se jetterent a genoulx devant lui; et le chartreux, parlant pour touts, pria doucement et humblement au'duc en l'honneur du benoist jour, il lui pleut avoir pitié de son pays de Flandres, et par especial de sa bonne ville de Gand, et que par sa grace leur volsit pardonner son courroux, et des meffaits que lui avoient fait; ceulx de la ville de Gand estoient prests de l'amender au dit et ordonnance du conseil et conseiller du duc, et sy ainsy ceulx de la ville de Gand ne volloient faire, sy tant feroient, s'ils pooient, qu'ils le feroient. Ce auxquels le duc respondit que pour la reverence du jour du benoist venderdy, quel jour ils estoient, moiennant la resparation qu'ils feroient au los de son conseil, il leur pardonnoit leurs meffaits. Et ainsy comme lesdits trois membres et le chartreux estoient devers le duc pour traicter paix, aulcuns paysans entour de la ville d'Audenarde, lesquels avoient retraict aulcuns de leurs biens, pour doubte de la guerre en ladite ville, s'assemblerent environ douze cens touts ensemble, jusques a la porte d'Audenarde cui, dants entrer ains, mais on leur cloist les portes, et vint on dire a messire Symon de Lallaing, capitaine du duc audit lieu, lequel estoit au chastel, qu'il y avoit bienxij hommes, lesquels disoient avoir de leurs biens en la ville, qui volloient entrer en ladite ville. Icelluy messire Symon de Lallaing, qui estoit valliant chevallier et duict a la guerre, non sçachant quelle vollonté ceulx de dehors avoient, leur refusa l'entrée de ladite ville jusques a ce qu'il en auroit le commandement du duc, lequel l'avoit commis a garder ladite ville: ceste response de messire Symon oye par ceulx de dehors qui cuidoient entrer, eulx tantost se retirerent vers la ville de Gand, et remonstrerent aulx Gantois comment il avoient mis leurs biens en la ville d'Audenarde, lesquels d'Audenarde quant ils leur requirent d'entrer en leur ville pour ravoir leurs biens, leur cloirent les portes et refuserent l'entrée, et leur requeroient qu'ils fissent tant qu'ils puissent ravoir leurs biens. Comme incontinent les hoyguemans de ladite ville de Gand oyrent cecy, leur dirent qu'ils leur feroient ravoir leurs biens; lors boutterent leurs bannieres hors, et assemblerent grande multitude de peuple jusques au nombre de quinze mille ou plus, gens de touts estats et mestiers, et le xiiije jour d'apvril mil iiij cinquante deux, après Pasques, viderent hors de la ville de Gand, avecq eulx grande quantité de charroy chargié d'engins et de vivres, et aller mectre le siege autour de la ville d'Audenarde, qui est a cinq lieues près de la ville de Gand; mais ainchois qu'ils apperceurent de la ville, messire de Lallaing, capitaine de la ville, doubtant que lesdits Gantois ne se logeassent es fauxbourgs de la ville, issit hors de ladite ville a tout tant peu de gens de guerre qu'il avoit, et livra une escarmouche aulxdits Gantois; mais peu y feit, car il fallut qu'il retournat pour la multitude de peuple; et au retourner, feit boutter le feu es fauxbourgs d'Audenarde et les ardist; puis entra en la ville, et les Gantois se logerent allentour de ladite ville, et l'assiegerent de touts costés tellement que vivres ne personne ne pooient entrer en ladite ville.
Memoires Jacques du Clercq. On the 14th day of April in the year 1453, after Easter, the aforesaid people of Ghent and those of the Company of the Green Tent went out from Ghent in great number and set fires in the regions of Enghien and Tournai. They killed all those they encountered, putting many to death, and burned several large villages. None of the garrisons came out against them, and they returned peacefully to Ghent. And indeed, the soldiers whom the duke had placed in garrisons complained greatly about their pay, and many had returned to their homes, so that only a few remained. Some had even sold their bows, quivers, helmets, and other equipment in order to survive. I do not know where the fault lay.
Le xiiij jour d'apvril an mil iiije liij, après Pasques, les dessusdits Gantois et ceulx de la Verde Tente issirent de Gand en grand nombre, et boutterent les feus vers Enghuem et vers Tournay, en tuant touts ceulx qu'ils trouvoient et en tuerent plusieurs, sy ardirent plusieurs gros villaiges, sans que nulles des garnisons saillissent dehors sur eulx; ains retournerent paisiblement a Gand, et sans doubte les gens de guerre que le duc avoit mit es garnisons se plaindoient moult de leur payement, et s'en estoient retournés en leurs maisons beaucoup, tellement que bien peu en estoit demouré, qui avoient vendu arcqs, trousses, sallades, etc. pour vivre: ne sçay ou le deffaut tenoit.
On 18th October 1470 John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map]. On 14th April 1471 His son Edward succeeded 2nd Earl Worcester, 3rd Baron Tiptoft.
On 14th April 1471 Margaret of Anjou Queen Consort England [aged 41] lands at Weymouth, Dorset with John Wenlock 1st Baron Wenlock [aged 71].
Warkworth's Chronicle [1461-1474]. 14th April 1471. And Quene Marget, and Prince Edwarde hire sonne, with other knygtes, squyres, and other menne of the Kyng of Fraunce, hade navy to brynge them to Englond: whiche, whenne they were schipped in Fraunce, the wynde was so contrary unto them xvij. dayes and nyghtes, that [thei] might not come from Normandy with unto England, whiche withe a wynd might have seylede it in xij. oures; whiche at the xvij. dayes ende one Ester day at the evyne the [i] landed at Weymouthe, and so by lande from Weymouthe the[i] roode to Excetre; and mette withe hire, at Weymouth, Edmunde Duke of Somersett, the Lorde Jhon his brother, brother to Herry Duke of Somerset slayne at Exham, and Curteney the Earl of Devynschyre, and many othere.
Memoirs of Philip de Commines [1447-1511]. 14th April 1471. The Prince of Wales (of whom I have spoken before) had landed in England before this battle, and had joined his forces with those of the Dukes of Exeter and Somerset, and several others of their family and party; so that in all (as I have been informed by those who were in that army) they amounted to above 40,000 men. If the Earl of Warwick had stayed till he had been joined by those forces, in all probability they had won the day. But the fear he had of the Duke of Somerset, whose father and brother he had put to death1, and the hatred he bore to Queen Margaret, mother to the Prince of Wales, induced him to fight alone, without waiting for them. By this example we may observe how long old animosities last, how highly they are to be feared in themselves, and how destructive and dangerous they are in their consequences.
Note 1. The Earl of Warwick was not personally the cause of their death. Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, lost his life at the battle of St. Albans, on the 23rd of May, 1455, commanding the army opposed to that of which Warwick was the leader. The two sons of this Duke of Somerset, Edmund and John, were slain in the battle of Tewkesbury.
History of the Arrival of Edward IV Part I Introduction. 14th April 1471. Whilst every thing seemed thus secure and prosperous, Queen Margaret and the Prince of Wales prepared to pass into England. Warwick [aged 42] went to the sea coast to receive them; and, if they had landed at that time, their progress to the capital would have resembled a triumph. Detained on the coast of Normandy from February until April by the unusual boisterousness of the weather, they at length, with some difficulty, secured a landing at Weymouth; and what were the tidings with which they were greeted? That, amidst the tempests by which they had been detained, Edward and a small band of followers had landed in the north amongst a people up in arms to oppose him, but whom he had deceived by false respresentations of the purpose of his coming; that he had obtained possession of the metropolis and the person of the King; that Clarence—"false, fleeting, perjured Clarence"—had deserted the cause of Lancaster; that a great battle had been fought; and that Warwick, the centre of all their hopes, had been defeated and killed. "When," says Hall, paraphrasing the words of Polydore Vergil, "when she harde all these miserable chaunces and misfortunes, so sudainly, one in another's necke, to have taken effect, she, like a woman all dismaied for feare, fell to the ground, her harte was perced with sorowe, her speache was in a manner passed, all her spirits were tomented with malencholy."10
Note 10. Part II: Landing through the Reconciliation with Clarence
Collectanea by John Leland [1502-1552]. [14th April 1471] At this tyme had Quene Margarete and Prince Edward lyen on the See a xvii.Dayes, lette with foule Wether and contrary Winde.And on Ester Day of Even they landid with the French Navy at Weymuth, and so to Excester [to Waymuth].
Thither cam to them Edmunde Duke of Somerset, the Lorde Brother [Uncle], Brother to Henry Duke of Somersete flayne at Exham, and Curteney Erle of Devonshire, and many other.
Archaeologia Volume 21 Section III Chapter II. [14th April 1471] How the Queen Margaret, and the Prince of Wales her son, arrived in England; how after their arrival they assembled a vast army; of the great battle King Edward fought with them, and how the Prince of Wales was therein slain, and great numbers with him routed.
On 14th April 1471 Edward IV [aged 28] commanded at the Battle of Barnet supported by his brothers George [aged 21] and Richard [aged 18], John Babington [aged 48], Wiliam Hastings [aged 40] (commanded), Ralph Hastings, William Norreys [aged 30], William Parr [aged 37], John Savage [aged 49], William Bourchier Viscount Bourchier [aged 41], Thomas St Leger [aged 31], John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 45], Thomas Burgh 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough [aged 40], John Scott [aged 48] and Thomas Strickland.
The Yorkists William Blount [aged 29], Humphrey Bourchier [aged 36], Henry Stafford [aged 46] and Thomas Parr were killed.
Humphrey Bourchier 1st Baron Cromwell [aged 40], was killed. Baron Cromwell extinct.
The Lancastrians...
Warwick the Kingmaker [aged 42] was killed. Earl Salisbury, Baron Montagu, Baron Montagu and Baron Monthermer forfeit on the assumption he was attainted either before or after his death; the date of his attainder is unknown. If not attainted the titles may have been abeyant between his two daughters Isabel Neville Duchess Clarence [aged 19] and Anne Neville Queen Consort England [aged 14].
John Neville 1st Marquess Montagu [aged 40] was killed. Marquess Montagu, Baron Montagu forfeit; unclear as to when he was attainted. He was buried at Bisham Abbey [Map].
William Tyrrell was killed.
William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele [aged 43] was killed. His son Henry [aged 25] succeeded 3rd Baron Saye and Sele. Anne Harcourt Baroness Saye and Sele by marriage Baroness Saye and Sele.
Henry Holland 3rd Duke Exeter [aged 40] commanded the left flank, was badly wounded and left for dead, Henry Stafford and John Paston [aged 27] were wounded, John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford [aged 28] commanded, and John Paston [aged 29] and William Beaumont 2nd Viscount Beaumont [aged 33] fought.
Robert Harleston [aged 36] was killed.
Thomas Hen Salusbury [aged 62] was killed.
Thomas Tresham [aged 51] escaped but was subsequently captured and executed on the 6th of May 1471.
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Chronicle of Jean de Waurin Books 3-5 [1400-1474]. [14th April 1471] The next morning, as the day began to break, the King rode through his army, giving courage to his men, reminding them that, as he had a just cause and a true quarrel, he proposed, God willing, to fight his enemies. Then, around five or six in the morning, despite the great noise at that time, he entrusted and placed his cause in the will of Almighty God, advancing, unfurling his banners, and sounding his trumpets.
The archers of the King's battle began to shoot arrows powerfully, and soon they engaged hand-to-hand combat where their enemies courageously met them. It was a cruel and deadly battle, where many brave men were killed and wounded. At the onset, the forces of Warwick defended themselves valiantly, causing great disorder and casualties at one end of the King's battle, leading some to flee, with some even reaching London, causing great disturbance in the city. However, the rest of the battle, where the valiant king was, remained steadfast, as nothing of this unfortunate event was apparent due to the hindrance caused by the noise.
News that King Edward and his entire army had been defeated was falsely spread throughout the surrounding country. But, as it pleased God, it was quite the opposite, as you will hear. Great feats of arms were performed by the King's party, especially by his own person, for he, being valiant, courageous, and bold, placed himself in the midst and in the thickest of the melee, where no one stood before him without being brought down to the ground; also, with great chivalry, fought the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, brothers of the King, as did the Earl Rivers, the Lord Hastings, and several other valiant men, servants, and good friends of King Edward.
From the adverse party, the Lord Montagu, brother to the Earl of Warwick, also performed wonders, cutting down heads and arms and everything he encountered. But, despite his knightly courage and great boldness, he was finally brought down to the ground and mortally wounded. Upon learning of this, the Earl of Warwick, his brother, was greatly angered and terrified, as one who had lost all courage, indeed almost confused and defeated.
But in the end of the cruel battle, victory remained with King Edward, who routed all the rebels, where the Earl of Warwick was slain. Many knights and noble men from his side were also killed, whose names I do not know. The Duke of Exeter, siding with Warwick, was also brought down to the ground, severely wounded and thought to be dead, among the many who were killed, not knowing that it was he. The Earl of Oxford, fleeing, fell in with some fugitives from the North, with whom he made his way towards Scotland. This battle, in which victory, by the will of God, the merit of the glorious saints, and through the true cause, remained with King Edward, lasted for the space of four hours. His enemies numbered more than thirty thousand, as was truly known, against nine thousand, no more.
Le demain au matin le roy, voiant le jour crever et poindre, chevaulcha parmy son ost, donnant corage a ses gens, en leur remoustrant que, comme il avoit bon droit et vraye querelle, proposoit, au Dieu plaisir, combattre ses annemis; puis quant ce vint entre chincq et six heures, non obstant la grande bruyne que pour lors il faisoit, recommanda et mist sa querelle en la voullente de Dieu tout puissant, soy advanchant, desploiant ses bannieres et faisant sonner ses trompettes.
La commencerent les archiers de la bataille du roy a tyrer sajettes puissamment, puis tantost se joindirent main a main ou leurs annemis les recheurent courageusement; si fut la, bataille moult cruele et mortele, ou furent maint vaillant homme mort et navre, car de commencement se deffendoient vaillamment les Warewicz, telement que sur lun des boutz de la bataille du roy firent grant destourse et occision, parquoy aulcuns de cest endroit prindrent la fuite, dont les aulcuns fuyrent jusques a Londres, si en fut la cite fort esmeute; mais neantmoins le residu de la bataille, ou le vaillant roy estoit, qui riens navoient aparcheu de la dite malle adventure par lempeschement de la dite bruyne, se maintinclrent moult hardiement.
Par la descomfiture devant declaree sespardirent nouvelles parmy tout le pays denviron que le roy Edouard et tout son ost estoient descomfis, mais, comme il pleut a Dieu, il en fut tout autrement, comme vous orez. La furent faites de grans apartises darmes de la partie du roy, especialement de sa personne, car comme vaillant, corageux et hardy se mist au millieu et au plus fort de la meslee ou nul narrestoit devant luy quil ne feust abattu a terre; moult chevallereusement aussi si porterent les ducz de Clarence et de Clocestre, freres du roy, si firent le comte de Riviere, le seigneur de Hastingues et plusieurs autres vaillans hommes, serviteurs et bons amis du roy Edouard.
De ladverse partie faisoit aussi merveilles le seigneur de Montagu, marquis, frere au comte de Warewic, en destrenchant testes et bracz et tout ce quil encontroit; mais, non obstant son chevallereux corage et grant hardiesse, il fut en fin abattu par terre et navre a mort; de laquele chose le comte de Warewic, son frere, adcertene, fut moult courouchie et effrae, comme cellui qui nul courage en luy navoit, voires presques confus et descomfy.
Mais en fin de la bataille cruele demoura la victore au roy Edouard, quy tourna tous les rebelles en fuite, ou fut occis ledit comte de Warewic, aussi furent plusieurs chevalliers et nobles hommes de sa partie, desquelz je ne scay les noms. Aussi fut abattu par terre le duc dExcestre, tenant le parti de Warewic, moult fort navre et tenu pour mort avec les occis qui en grant nombre estoient, non congnoissant que ce feust il. Le comte de Oxemfort en fuiant enchey en la compaignie daulcuns fugitifz du North, avec lesquelz il tyra vers Escoce. Ceste bataille, dont la victore, par la voullente de Dieu, le merite des glorieuz sains, et moiennant la vraye querelle, demoura au roy Edouard, dura par lespace de quatre heures, et y estoient ses annemis plus de trente mille, comme il fut sceu de vray, contre neuf mille; non plus nen avoit.
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Collectanea by John Leland [1502-1552]. [14th April 1471] The Erle of Warwik, the Duke of Excester, the Marquis Montacute, and the Erle of Oxford, with many Knighttes, were cumming with their Host toward Barnet.
Edward hard of this toke King Henry with hym, and preoccupatid the Toune of Barnet, and that Night the Erle of Warwik and his remaynid on the Playne with oute the Toune, and shotte Gunnes al Night one at the other.And on the xiiii.Day of Aprille then being Ester Day they faught in a thik Mift from iiii, of Clok in the Morning til x.And diverse tymes the Erle of Warwikes Men supposid that they had had the Victory of the Feld.
It happenid that the Erle of Oxfords Men had a Starre with Streames booth before and behind on their Lyverys.
And King Edwardes Men had the Sunne with Streames on theyr Lyvery.
The Erle of Warwikes Men, by reason of the Miste, not welle discerning the Bages so like, shot at the Erle of Oxfordes Men that wer on theyr oune Party.And then the Erle of Oxford and his Men cryid, " Treason ", and fledde from the Feld with viii.C. Men.
The Marquis Montacute was prively agreid with King Edwarde, and had gotten on King Eduardes Lyvery.One of the Erle of Warwike his Brother servant espying this, fel apon hym, and killid hym.
Then the Erle of Warwik seyng this, lept on a Horse to fly, and cumming to a Woode, wher was no Passage, one of King Edwardes Men cam to hym, and killid hym, and dispoilid hym, leving hym nakid.
Syr William Tyrel Knight was killid on the Erle of Warwikes Parte.
The Duke of Excestre faughte manly, and was despoilid, wounddid, and lefte for dede fro 7. yn the Morning to 4.of the Clok at After none.And than was he brough to a Servantes House therby of his caullid Rutheland, and had a Leeche, and after was conveiyd yn to Westminstre to Sanctuary.
The Lorde Crumwel, Sun and Heire to the Erle of Essax, the Lorde Barnes Sun and Heyre, the Lorde Say were flayn on King Edwardes Party.
There were flayn on booth Parties to the Numbre of 4000.
The Erle of Warwikes and his Brother Montacutes Bodies were layid nakid in S. Paulis Chirch at London to be feene.
King Henry was brought to the Toure agayne.
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A Brief Latin Chronicle. 14th April 1471. Then, rumors flying that the Earl of Warwick [aged 42] with his army was approaching, King Edward with his army hurried against him on Holy Saturday, and at dawn on the most holy day of Easter (alas and alas for sorrow!) a battle was engaged near the town of Barnet, where many fell on both sides; and the Earl of Warwick, along with his brother and many other lords and nobles along with commoners, was killed there; and the bodies of the said earl and his brother [aged 40] were brought to London, lay naked in St. Paul's Church publicly for some time, and were later entrusted to burial.
Tunc fame volante quod comes de Warwic cum suo exercitu adventaret, rex Edwardus cum suo exercitu contra eum in Sabbato Sancto Pasche properavit, et in aurora Sanctissime diei Pasche (heu et proh dolor!) inito certamine juxta villiam Barnett, ceciderunt hine et inde multi; et comes de Warwic, cum fratre suo, et multis aliis dominis et nobilibus cum plebanis, ibi interfectus est; et corpora dicti comitis et fratris sui perducta London., in ecclesia Sancti Pauli nuda jacuerunt publice aliquandiu, et postea sepulture comendata sunt.
Warkworth's Chronicle [1461-1474]. 14th April 1471. But it happenede that he withe his oste were enterede into the toune of Barnet, before the Earl of Warwick [aged 42] and his host. And so the Earl of Warwick and his host lay witheoute the towne alle nyght, and eche of them loosede gonnes at othere, alle the nyght. And on Ester day in the mornynge, the xiiij. day of Apryl, ryght erly, eche of them came uppone othere; and ther was suche a grete myste, that nether of them might see othere perfitely; ther they faughte, from iiij. of clokke in the mornynge unto x. of clokke the fore-none. And dyverse times the Earl of Warwick party hade the victory, and supposede that they hade wonne the felde. But it hapenede so, that the Earl of Oxenfordes men hade uppon them ther lordes lyvery, bothe before and behynde, which was a sterre withe stremys, wiche [was] myche lyke Kynge Edwardes lyvery, the sunne with stremys1; and the myste was so thycke, that a manne mighte not profytely juge one thynge from anothere; so the Earl of Warwikes menne schott and faughte ayens the Earl of Oxenfordes menne, wetynge and supposynge that they hade bene Kynge Edwardes menne; and anone the Earl of Oxenforde and his menne cryed " treasoune! treasoune! " and fledde awaye from the felde withe viij. c. menne. The Lorde Markes Montagu [aged 40] was agreyde and apoyntede with Kynge Edwarde, and put uppone hym Kynge Edwardes lyvery; and a manne of the Earls of Warwick sawe that, and felle uppone him, and kyllede hym. And whenne the Earl of Warwick sawe his brothere dede, and the Earl of Oxenforde fledde, he lepte one horse-backe, and flede to a wode by the felde of Barnett, where was no waye forthe; and one of Kynge Edwardes menne hade espyede him, and one came uppone hym and kylled hym, and dispolede him nakede. And so Kynge Edwarde gate that felde.
And ther was slayne2 of the Earl of Warwicks party, the Earl hym self, Markes Montagu, Sere William Tyrelle, knyghte, and many other. The Duke of Excetre [aged 40] faugth manly ther that day, and was gretely despolede and woundede, and lefte nakede for dede in the felde, and so lay ther from vij. of clokke tille iiij. after none; whiche was take up and brought to a house by a manne of his owne; and a leche brought to hym, and so afterwarde brought in to sancuarij at Westmynster.
And one Kynge Edwardes party was slayne the Lorde Crowmwelle [aged 40], sonne and heyre to the Earl of Essex [aged 67], Lord Barnes [aged 55] sonne and heyre [aged 36]3, Lorde Say [aged 43]4, and dyverse other, to the nombre (of bothe partys) iiij. Ml menne. And, after that the felde was don, Kynge Edwarde commaundyd bothe the Earl of Warwikes body and the Lord Markes body to be putt in a carte, and returned hym with alle his oste ageyne to Londone; and there commaundede the seide ij. bodyes to be layede in the chyrche of Paulis, one the pavement, that every manne mighte see them; and so they lay iij. or iiij. days, and afterwarde where buryede. And Kynge Herry, beynge in the forwarde durynge the bataylle, was not hurt; but he was broughte ageyne to the Toure of Londone, ther to be kept.
Note 1. The sunne with stremys. The crest of the Kynaston coat is supposed to have been assumed from this time, and in allusion to this event.
Note 2. And ther was slayne. A very comprehensive list is given in MS. Arundel, Mus. Brit. 28, fol. 25, vº. The brass matrix of the seal of the Earl of Warwick, taken from him when he was slain, is in the British Museum; an impression may be seen among the charters, xxxiv. 33.
Note 3. Lord Barnes sonne and heyre. Sir Humphrey Bourchier. His gravestone remains in Westminster Abbey, denuded of his figure in brass plate, but retaining an epitaph of fourteen Latin hexameters, commemorative of his prowess and the scene of his death. They commence:
Hic pugil ecce jacens, Bernett fera bella cupiscens, [Here lies a fighter, Bernett, desiring fierce wars]
Certat ut Eacides, &c. &c. [Striving like Achilles.]
See engravings in Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. II. pl. LXXXVI; Harding's Antiquities in Westminster Abbey, pl. VIII. It may be remarked that the word in the eighth line read parvulus by Gough, &c. is really pimulus, i. e. primulus, used instead of primus for the sake of the metre. - J.G.N.
Note 4. Lord Say. This nobleman [William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele] was formerly on the Lancastrian side, but received Edward's pardon on the 5th of May, 1462; Chart. Antiq. Mus. Brit. VIII. 13.
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History of the Arrival of Edward IV Part 3. 14th April 1471. On the morow, betymes, The Kynge, undarstandinge that the day approched nere, betwyxt four and five of the cloke, nawithstandynge there was a greate myste33 and letted the syght of eithar othar, yet he commytted his cawse and qwarell to Allmyghty God, avancyd bannars, dyd blowe up trumpets, and set upon them, firste with shotte, and, than and sone, they34 joyned and came to hand-strokes, wherein his enemies manly and coragiously receyved them, as well in shotte as in hand-stroks, whan they ioyned; whiche ioynynge of theyr bothe batteyls was nat directly frount to frount, as they so shulde have ioyned ne had be the myste, whiche suffred neythar party to se othar, but for a litle space, and that of lyklyhod cawsed the bataile to be the more crewell and mortall; for, so it was, that the one ende of theyr batayle ovarrechyd th'end of the Kyngs battayle, and so, at that end, they were myche myghtyar than was the Kyngs bataile at the same [end] that ioyned with them, whiche was the west ende, and, therefore, upon that party of the Kyngs battayle, they had a gretar distres upon the Kyngs party, wherefore many flede towards Barnet, and so forthe to London, or evar they lafte; and they fell in the chace of them, and dyd moche harme. But the other parties, and the residewe of neithar bataile, might se that distrese, ne the fleinge, ne the chace, by cawse of [the] great myste that was, whiche wolde nat suffre no man to se but a litle from hym; and so the Kyngs battayle, which saw none of all that, was therby in nothing discoragyd, for, save only a fewe that were nere unto them, no man wiste thereof; also the othar party by the same distres, flyght or chace, were therefore nevar the gretlyar coragyd. And, in lykewise, at the est end, the Kyngs batayle, whan they cam to ioyninge, ovarrechyd theyr batayle, and so distresyd them theyr gretly, and soo drwe nere towards the Kynge, who was abowt the myddest of the battayle, and susteygned all the myght and weight thereof. Netheles upon the same litle distresse at the west end anon ranne to Westmynstar, and to London, and so forthe furthar to othar contries, that the Kynge was distressed, and his fielde loste, but, the lawde be to Almyghty God! it was otharwyse; for the Kynge, trusing verely in God's helpe, owr blessyd ladyes, and Seynt George, toke to hym great haries and corage for to supprese the falcehode of all them that so falcely and so traytorowsly had conspired agaynst hym, wherethrwghe, with the faythefull, wellbelovyd, and myghty assystaunce of his felawshipe, that in great nombar deseveryd nat from his parson, and were as well asswred unto hym, as to them was possyble, he mannly, vigorowsly, and valliantly assayled them, in the mydst and strongest of theyr battaile, where he, with great violence, bett and bare down afore hym all that stode in hys way, and, than, turned to the range, first on that one hand, and than on that othar hand, in lengthe, and so bet and bare them downe, so that nothing myght stande in the syght of hym and the welle asswred felowshipe that attendyd trewly upon hym; so that, blessed be God! he wan the filde there, the perfite victory remayned unto hym, and to his rebells the discomfiture of xxxm men, s they nombrid them selves.
Note 33. there was a great miste. — Fabyan writes in the following very prudent manner respecting this mist. "Of the mystes and other impedimentes which fell upon the lordes partye by reason of the incantacyons wrought by fryer Bungey, as the fame went, me lyst nat to wryte." (P.661)
Note 34. sone they, sone ther, in MS.
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Memoirs of Philip de Commines [1447-1511]. 14th April 1471. He stayed but two days in the town, for on Easter-eve he marched with all the forces he could collect to give the Earl of Warwick battle: the next day, being Easterday, they met1, and as they were drawn up, and stood in order of battle one against the other, the Duke of Clarence went over to his brother King Edward, and carried with him near 12,000 men, which was a great discouragement to the Earl of Warwick, and a mighty strengthening to King Edward, who before was but weak.
You have already heard how the negotiation with the Duke of Clarence was managed; yet, for all this, the battle was sharp and bloody: both sides fought on foot; and the king's vanguard suffered extremely in this action, and the earls main battle advanced against his, and so near, that the king himself was engaged in person, and behaved himself as bravely as any man in either army. The Earl of Warwick's custom was never to fight on foot, but when he had once led his men to the charge, he mounted on horseback himself, and if he found victory inclined to his side, he charged boldly among them; if otherwise, he took care of himself in time, and provided for his escape. But now at the importunity of his brother, the Marquis of Montague (who was a person of great courage), he fought on foot, and sent away his horses. The conclusion of all was, that the earl, the Marquis of Montague, and many other brave officers, were killed, for the slaughter was very great. King Edward had resolved, at his departure from Flanders, to call out no more to spare the common soldiers, and kill only the gentlemen, as he had formerly done; for he had conceived a mortal hatred against the commons of England, for having favoured the Earl of Warwick so much, and for other reasons besides, so that he spared none of them at that time. This battle was bravely fought, and on the king's side there were killed 1500 men.
Note 1. The battle was fought upon a plain near Barnet, between London and St. Albans, known by the name of Gladsmore Heath,
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Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Anchiennes Chroniques d'Engleterre Supporting Documents X. 14th April 1471. And so, on Easter Day, very early in the morning, the said Warwick and the others named above, having between 20,000 and 24,000 men and knowing of the arrival of my said lord and brother, joined battle in the field. There was such heavy mist that they found themselves so close to each other in a field that, before they could be fully drawn up in formation, they struck at one another. The bodyguard archers of my said lord and brother, and those who had formerly been garrisoned at Calais—whom Warwick had expelled—numbering 800 to 900, swore not to flee the field but to fight to the death, and they fought valiantly. The battle began at 8 o'clock in the morning and lasted until at least 10 o'clock, perhaps longer. My said lord and brother conducted himself so honourably that, although at the start his face had been turned toward the village from which Warwick had come, ten miles from London, called Barnet, he ended the battle with his back to that same village. Many were killed, although the number is still not known, but few on the side of my said lord and brother. Warwick's brother, the Marquis of Montagu, was killed there; and Warwick himself, seeing this and sensing that he was losing, mounted a horse, thinking to escape. But as he was fleeing, he was overtaken by a man who seized him, and as he was being brought back, some recognized him and killed him. My said lord and brother, when told of his capture, rushed to him, hoping to save him, but found him dead, and greatly mourned him. The Dukes of Exeter and Somerset and the Earl of Oxford fled.
Et ainsi que le jour de Pasques, bien matin, le dit Warwicque et autres dessusnommés, aiant bien de XX à XXIIIIm, et sachant la venue de mon dit seigneur et frere, se joindirent aux champs: il faisoit si grant bruynne qu'ilz se trouverrent si prez les ungs des autres en un champ que, avant qu'ilz peussent estre du tout mis en ordonnence, iz frappèrent les ungs sur les autres. Et s'estoient assemblés les archiers de corps de mon dit seigneur et frere, et ceulx qui soloient estre en garnison à Callaix, que Warwicq a fait bouter hors, de VIII à IX cent, qui firent sarement de non fuir du camp, mais combatre jusques à la mort, lesquelx s'i portèrent vaillamment. Et finablement commencherent a VIII heures du matin, et dura la bataille jusques à X heures ou plus; et jusques tant mon dit seigneur et frère se porta si honnestement que, là où il avoit le visage vers!e viiage où Warwicque estoit parti, qui est à dix mil de Londres, nommet Vernet, il se trouva le dos en le fin contre icelui village. Et furent pluiseurs tués, et l'on ne set pas encore le nombre; mais peu du costé de mon dit seigneur et frère. Et illec fu tués le frère de Warwicq, marquis de Montagu; et iceluy Warwicq, ce veant, et sentant qu'il avoit le pire, monta sus ung cheval, soy cuidant sauver; et ainsi qu'il s'en aloit, fu ratains d'ung homme qui le print, et comme il le remenoit, aucuns le congneurent et le tuèrent. Mon dit seigneur et frère, de sa prinse adverti, acourut vers lui, le cuidant sauver; mais il le trouva mort, dont il fist grant regret. Et lesdits ducs d'Excester et Sombresset et conte de Douchefort s'enfuirent.
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A Chronicle of Tewkesbury Abbey. Memorandum that in the year of our Lord 1471, on Dominical Letter F, a battle took place at Barnet, between the town of St. Albans and the city of London, on the morning of Easter Day. On one side was King Edward IV with his brothers and many other lords. In that battle, Lord de Bowser [aged 40] and many others were killed. On the opposing side were Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick [aged 42], and his brother John Neville [aged 40], both of whom were killed there, along with many other lords and prominent persons. King Edward gained the victory.
Memorandum quod anno domini 1471, littera dominicalis F. bellum fuit apud Barnad inter villam sancti Albani et ciuitatem London, die pasche in mane, vbi ex una parte fuit rex Edwardus iiij cum fratribus eius, multis aliis dominis, in quo ocdsus est dominus de Bowser et alii quamplures, et ex altera parte cum Ricardo Neuel comiti Warwiche et fratre eius Johanne Nevil, qui ambo ibi interfecti sunt cum multis aliis dominis et ūlendis1 personis, Rege Edwardo victoriam optinente.
Note 1. Probably 'ualendis' in error for ualentibus.
Archaeologia Volume 21 Section III Chapter I. 14th April 1471. The king, well advised of the earl's treacherous intent, and in order presently to encounter him, notwithstanding the solemnity of the season, set out with all his forces on the eve of Easter Sunday, the 13th of April, and marched that day as far as ten of our English miles. The whole of that night he remained under arms in the open fields, his army drawn up in the finest order of battle, until five o'clock in the morning, when he engaged with the rebels, who were commanded by the Duke of Exeter [aged 40], the Marquis of Montague [aged 40], the Earl of Warwick [aged 42], the Earl of Oxford [aged 28], and the Lord Beaumont [aged 33], to the number of 30,000 combatants, according to their own reckoning. In this battle were slain the Earl of Warwick, and the marquis his brother, with a great number of knights, squires, and others, who fighting stoutly, resisted the attacks of the king and his army during three hours, but King Edward at length remained in possession of the field, through the aid of Almighty God, and of the glorious martyr Saint George.
Hanserecesse Volume 6. 14th April 1471. In the early morning at daybreak, around 4 o'clock, both sides engaged, but a very thick fog descended, as it did also in London, so dense that no one could clearly see the other. Eventually, the cannon on King Edward's side overpowered Warwick's artillery, and Edward's men fought so bravely that it was astonishing—they fired so many arrows that more than 10,000 were broken and lay scattered on the ground. They fought so fiercely that around 3,000 of Edward's troops fled from the rear, although due to the fog, neither side realized this. Edward's men managed to capture about 7,000 horses, and King Henry VI, who had been with the Lancastrian forces, was spirited away and brought halfway between Barnet and St. Albans. But Edward's troops pursued them and, as it is said, recaptured Henry. At last, around 8 o'clock on Easter Day, King Edward won the field, and Warwick and his brother the Marquess of Montagu were both slain, along with many knights and noblemen. On Edward's side, Lord Cromwell (one of Essex's sons), Lord Saye, and Lord Barnes' son and heir, as well as many other knights and nobles, were also killed. Altogether, on both sides, around 1,500 men were slain—God have mercy on their souls. And many more were seriously wounded, mostly in the face and lower body, leaving a very pitiful sight—God make it better.
Also, the Duke of Exeter was seriously wounded, but still managed to slip away. Also, the Earl of Oxford, along with his two brothers and Lord Beaumont, fled. The Duke of Gloucester and Lord Scales were also wounded, but — thank God — not severely. Also, it was reported that Warwick's side had about 3,000 or 4,000 more troops than King Edward's. Also, in the early hours of Easter Sunday, at a time when every good Christian ought to be at prayer, a rumor reached London that Warwick had won the battle, that King Edward had been captured, and that Clarence and Gloucester were dead, etc. This caused many to grieve, while others rejoiced — so that some ruffians in London became emboldened and began looting, which terrified the entire German community, understandably so. But at last, the true news arrived, as previously mentioned: that King Edward had won the battle. And that same Easter Sunday afternoon, King Edward returned to London, bringing King Henry with him, accompanied by his troops. Those who returned with healthy horses and unscathed bodies were fortunate — many others came home deceitfully bandaged, with mutilated faces, missing noses, and wounded limbs. God have mercy on such miserable sights. Everyone says that in 100 years, there had not been a fiercer battle in England than that which took place on Easter Sunday, as has been described. May God henceforth grant us His eternal peace.
Des morgens in der dagerate umbtrynt 4 oren, so hant sii mallich anderen vernomen, doch so is dar eyn sere duyster nevel gecommen, und was ouch in London, dat eyn den anderen nyet wale en hefft konnen gesien. Tom lesten hebben de loitbussen an konyng Edwardes siide Warwick de ordinancie affzewonnen und hebben sich de anderen so manlich gewert, dat it wonder was myt erem geschotte, dat in gantzer warheit ove[r]? 10000 arouwes® zobrochen noch dar ligen, und sich so manlich gewert, dat umbtrynt 3000 van konyng Edwardes volck achter aff flouwen, wilcht doch geyn van beiden partien umb des nevels willen en hefit konnen gemyrcken, und hebben konyng Edwardes volcke genomen gewest wale bii 7000 perden, und konyng Henrich ewech gestollen und bis halff wech tuschen Barnet und sent Albans bracht, dar konyng Edwardes volck doch nagejaget han und hebben Henrich wederkregen, as men segt. Tom lesten so hefft circa 8 oren up den paischdach® konyng Edwart dat velt gewonnen, und Warwick und marcus Montagw, synen broder, beide erslagen myt vele ridderen und edelingen; und an konyng Edwardes siiden is erslazen de lord Kromwel, und was eyn van Essex sonen, item de lord Saye, item de lord Barnes son und eyer und vele anderen ryddere und edelinge, sodat to beiden siiden umbtrynt 1500 man doet bleven sin, Got hebbe de selen. Und myt allen sere vele volckes gewont und meystpart int angesicht und int fundament, eyn sere bermlich gesichte, Got besser it.
Item und is Excester sere gewondet und doch ewech gestollen, item de greve van Oxenford myt synen zwen broderen und lord Beamont syn gefluwen; de herzoch van Glocester und lord Scales syn got gewondet, mer en schadet in, glofft sii Got, nyet. Item und is an Warwicks siide wale bii 3 off 4000 volckes mer gewest, dan an konyng Edwardes siide. Item des morgens in der metten up paischdach, als eyn elck goet kerstenmensche sich myt Gode bekommeren soulde, so qwam de tiidonge in London, dat Warwick tvelt gewonnen hedde, und dat konyng Edward gefangen, Clarens und Glocester doet weren etc. Dar was mannich bedroufft und mencher ervreuwet inne, so dat etzliche boyffen sich vermanden in London und hegonsten to rouffen, darvan alle Dutsche nacie wale verferet syn mochte und was. Doch zom lesten qwam de warafftige tiidonge, as vurscreven is, dat konyng Edward dat velt gewonnen hedde, und des namyddages up paischdach qwam konyng Edward und brachte konyng Henrich myt to huys myt syme volcke. Dwilcke de gode perde und gesund liiff uysbrachten, brachten qwade guyle und gelapde ansichter sonder nasen ete. und gewonde lyber to huys, Got erbarm it des ellendigen sichtes, want alle man segget, dat in 100 jeren nye scharper battaille in Englant gewest en is dan up den goden paischdach lestleden, as vurscreven is, Got verlene uns vortan synen ewigen freden.
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English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century Appendix 13. 14th April 1471. In the year of our Lord 14611, a battle took place near Barnet on Easter Day (the 23rd of April1), in which Richard, Earl of Warwick, and his brother John, Marquess of Montagu, were killed, fighting on the side of Henry VI. King Edward IV won the victory. From his side (Edward's), those killed included Lord Cromwell and Lord Say, as well as Humphrey Bourchier, the eldest son and heir of Lord Berners, along with many others. From the other side, Henry, Duke of Exeter, and John, Earl of Oxford, fled, along with many others.
Anno domini MCCCCLX primo, Bellum iuxta Barnet in die pasche (mensis Aprilis die XXIIJ): vbi occisi fuerunt Ricardus, Comes Warwic, et Johannes, Marchio de Montagu, eius frater, pro parte Henrici sexti; et Rex Edwardus iiij obtinuit victoriam, atque ex suis fuerunt ibidem interfecti dominus de Crommewel et dominus de Say, item Humfridus Bourcher, primogenitus et heres domini de Bareners, cum mujtis aliis. Ex alia parte fugerunt Henricus, Dux Exon., et Johannes, Comes Oxon., cum pluribus aliis.
Note 1. The year is given as 1461; a mistake for 1471. The date given as the 23rd of April whereas the battle too place on the 14th of April.
Letters and Papers. 14th April 1536. R. O. 668. Lord Lisle [aged 71] and Sir Edward Seymour [aged 36]. Receipt, by John Husee, of 196 oz. of gilt plate at 5s., from Roger Cotten, servant of Sir Edward Seymour, being part of £424. due to him from Sir William Hollys to the use of Viscount Lyssle, by indenture between Lyssle and Hollis, dated April 1. 14 April 27 Henry VIII. Hol., p. 1.
Letters and Papers. 14th April 1536. R.O. 669. Thomas Warley to Lady Lisle [aged 42].
I have not seen Mr. Receiver since getting your letter. Mrs. Margery asked when you were coming to Court, for she longed to see you. I answered that you were as desirous to see the Queen [aged 35] and her ladies and gentlewomen. Today the Countess of Wiltshire [aged 56] asked me when I heard from your Ladyship, and thanked you heartily for the hosen. She is sore diseased with the cough, which grieves her sore. Mr. Lypyngkot delivered my Lord's letter to the King on Shere Thursday. Mr. Page says it is not yet opened, but he gives attendance for an answer. Mr. Basset is in good health and merry. I was with him yesterday at Lincoln's Inn. I fear Leonard Snowden has the worst end of the staff, for Whettell and his father have made such suit by means of Mr. Heneage. The Parliament is clearly dissolved. I am sorry to hear of the sickness in Calais. I beg you to get me a favorable letter from my Lord, as I mentioned in my last letter by Goodale. Today Sir Edward Ryngeley showed me that the King will be at Dover in three weeks at the farthest, whither I intend to follow him, unless I am sooner dispatched. I would write more, but have no leisure, as the bearer, Worsley, the Mayor's officer, can inform you. Greenwich, Good Friday. Hol., p.1. Add.: At Calais. Endd.
On 14th April 1556 Anthony Kingston [aged 48] died at Cirencester, Gloucestershire [Map]. Possibly suicide. he had been implicated in the Dudley Consipracy and was on his way from Gloucester to London when he died.
Henry Machyn's Diary. 14th April 1561. The sam day was bered in Cornyll mastores Hunt wedow, and the chylderyn of the hopetall and the masters wher at her berehyng with ther gren stayffes, and the xxx chylderyn syngyng the Pater-noster in Englys, and a xl pore women in gownes; and after the clarkes syngyng, and after the corse, and then mornars, and after the craftes of the worshephull compene of the Skynners; and ther dyd pryche the byshope of Durram master Pylkyngtun [aged 41]; and after to the Skynners halle to dener.
After 14th April 1587. Elizabethan Period monument to Edward Manners 3rd Earl of Rutland [deceased] and Isabel Holcroft Countess Rutland [aged 37] sculpted by Gerard Johnson The Elder [aged 37] in the Chancel of St Mary the Virgin Church, Bottesford, Leicestershire [Map].
Isabel Holcroft Countess Rutland: In 1550 she was born to Thomas Holcroft. On 6th June 1573 Edward Manners 3rd Earl of Rutland and she were married. She by marriage Countess of Rutland, Baroness Ros Helmsley. He the son of Henry Manners 2nd Earl of Rutland and Margaret Neville Countess Rutland. Around 16th January 1606 she died.
Detail of the sculpture of their only child Elizabeth Manners 15th Baroness Ros of Helmsley [aged 12].
His feet resting on a Bulls Head with a chained coronet around its neck - a change from the Unicorn seen on earlier Manners effigies.
Detail of her Ermine lined mantle and hands clasped in prayer.
Her arms quarterd 1&4 Holcroft 2 Unknown? A squirrel, possibly fox, eating what may be a nut. 3 A black bird and an infant wrapped in swaddling clothes.
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On 14th April 1589 Philip Howard 13th or 20th Earl of Arundel [aged 31] was condemned to death and attainted. Earl Arundel, Baron Arundel forfeit. Elizabeth I never signed the death warrant; Howard was never told. Henry Stanley 4th Earl of Derby [aged 57] was present. Christopher Wray [aged 65] was one of the judges.
On 14th April 1606 Johanna Wettin was born to Johann Wettin II Duke Saxe Weimar and Dorothea Maria Anhalt at Weimar. He died aged three in 1609.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
On 14th April 1629 Dean Thomas Turner [aged 38] was collated by Archbishop William Laud [aged 55] to the Prebend of Newington in St Paul's Cathedral [Map].
On 14th April 1629 Christian Huygens was born.
On 14th April 1659 Roger Palmer 1st Earl Castlemaine [aged 25] and Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland [aged 18] were married. She the daughter of William Villiers 2nd Viscount Grandison and Mary Bayning Countess Anglesey [aged 36].
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th April 1661. After dinner I went to the Temple [Map] and there heard Dr. Griffith, a good sermon for the day; so with Mr. Moore (whom I met there) to my Lord's, and there he shewed me a copy of my Lord Chancellor's [aged 52] patent for Earl, and I read the preamble, which is very short, modest, and good. Here my Lord saw us and spoke to me about getting Mr. Moore to come and govern his house while he goes to sea, which I promised him to do and did afterwards speak to Mr. Moore, and he is willing.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th April 1664. Up betimes, and after my father's eating something, I walked out with him as far as Milk Streete, he turning down to Cripplegate to take coach; and at the end of the streete I took leave, being much afeard I shall not see him here any more, he do decay so much every day, and so I walked on, there being never a coach to be had till I came to Charing Cross, and there Col. Froud took me up and carried me to St. James's, where with Mr. Coventry [aged 36] and Povy [aged 50], &c., about my Lord Peterborough's [aged 42] accounts, but, Lord! to see still what a puppy that Povy is with all his show is very strange.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th April 1665. Thence to White Hall again, and there spent the afternoon, and then home to fetch a letter for the Council, and so back to White Hall, where walked an hour with Mr. Wren, of my Chancellor's [aged 56], and Mr. Ager, and then to Unthanke's and called my wife, and with her through the city to Mile-End Greene [Map], and eat some creame and cakes and so back home, and I a little at the office, and so home to supper and to bed.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th April 1665. Up, and betimes to Mr. Povy [aged 51], being desirous to have an end of my trouble of mind touching my Tangier business, whether he hath any desire of accepting what my Lord Ashly [aged 43] offered, of his becoming Treasurer again; and there I did, with a seeming most generous spirit, offer him to take it back again upon his owne terms; but he did answer to me that he would not above all things in the world, at which I was for the present satisfied; but, going away thence and speaking with Creed, he puts me in doubt that the very nature of the thing will require that he be put in again; and did give me the reasons of the auditors, which, I confess, are so plain, that I know not how to withstand them. But he did give me most ingenious advice what to do in it, and anon, my Lord Barkeley [aged 63] and some of the Commissioners coming together, though not in a meeting, I did procure that they should order Povy's payment of his remain of accounts to me; which order if it do pass will put a good stop to the fastening of the thing upon me.
John Evelyn's Diary. 14th April 1669. I dined with the Archbishop of Canterbury [aged 70], at Lambeth Palace [Map], and saw the library, which was not very considerable.
On 14th April 1679 Samuel Sleigh of Ash and Etwall [aged 74] died. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Sutton-on-the-Hill [Map].
On 14th April 1689 William Murray was born to John Murray 1st Duke Atholl [aged 29] and Catherine Hamilton Duchess Atholl [aged 27].
On 14th April 1698 Captain John Smith [aged 36] died at Purton.
On 14th April 1699 Duke Frederick III of Saxe Coburg Altenburg III was born to Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 22] and Magdalena Augusta Anhalt-Zerbst Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg at Gotha. He married 17th September 1729 Luise Dorothea Saxe Meiningen Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg and had issue.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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On 14th April 1711 John Murray was born to John Murray 1st Duke Atholl [aged 51] and Mary Ross Duchess Atholl [aged 23].
On 14th April 1711 Louis "Le Grand Dauphin" Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 49] died of smallpox. Louis Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 28] was appointed Duke Burgundy and Dauphin.
On 14th April 1738 William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke Portland was born to William Bentinck 2nd Duke Portland [aged 29] and Margaret Cavendish Harley 2nd Duchess Portland [aged 23] at Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire [Map]. He married 8th November 1766 his half fourth cousin Dorothy Cavendish 3rd Duchess Portland, daughter of William Cavendish 4th Duke Devonshire and Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle Marchioness Hartington, and had issue.
On 14th April 1742 Henrietta Finch Duchess of Cleveland Duchess Southampton [aged 40] died.
On 14th April 1743 James Hamilton 6th Duke Hamilton 3rd Duke Brandon [aged 18] was created Doctor of Civil Law at St Mary Hall Oriel College, Oxford University.
On 14th April 1754 Mary Catherine Bertie was born to Peregrine Bertie 3rd Duke Ancaster and Kesteven [aged 40] and Mary Panton Duchess Ancaster and Kesteven.
On 14th April 1803 Mary Leach [aged 66] died. On 17th April 1803 Mary Leach was buried at Church of St Barlok, Norbury [Map].
Mary Leach: In 1737 she was born. On 16th June 1763 George Evans and she were married at the Church of St Barlok, Norbury [Map].
On 14th April 1812 Jane Maxwell Duchess Gordon [aged 64] died.
On 14th April 1814 was a sortie by the French garrison of Bayonne led by General of Division Pierre Thouvenot against a besieging force of British, Portuguese, and Spanish troops commanded by Lieutenant General John Hope. The fighting marked the last major battle of the Peninsular War.
On 14th April 1827 Augustus Henry Fox Pitt-Rivers was born to William Augustus Lane-Fox [aged 31] and Caroline Douglas at Bramham cum Oglethorpe Wetherby. He married 3rd February 1853 Alice Margaret Stanley, daughter of Edward John Stanley 2nd Baron Stanley and 1st Baron Eddisbury and Henrietta Maria Dillon Baroness Stanley Alderley and Eddisbury, and had issue.
On 11th April 1836 Reverend Edward Royds [aged 45] died. On 14th April 1836 he was buried in the Chancel of St Oswald's Church, Brereton [Map]
On 14th April 1842 Joseph Theakston [aged 70] died at Belgrave Place, Belgravia.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
Archaeologia Volume 30 Section 5. 14th April 1842. A Letter from Joun Gage Rokewode, Esq. F.R.S., Director, to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.RS., Secretary, on the sculptured Figures of Welsh Knights at Kilpeck Church in Herefordshire [Map].
Read 14th April, 1842.
After 14th April 1848. Memorial at Lincoln Cathedral [Map] to Air Vice-Marshal Sir Edward Arthur Beckton Rice.
Ten Years' Digging. On the 14th of April, we examined the remnant of a barrow on the summit of a very high hill, called Cauldon Low [Map]. It is about 22 yards across, and is planted with stunted fir trees, for the protection of which a wall has been built round the tumulus, the stone having been supplied by its spoliation. Owing to this, we were unable to find more than a few calcined bones, pieces of pottery, rats' bones, and two instruments of flint, all which occurred near the centre.
Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1854. III. Monday, ½ past 6 o'clock. [April, 1854.]
Dear Allingham,
I suppose you are gone to bask in the Southon [sic] ray. I should follow, but feel very sick, and moreover have lunched late to-day with Ruskin. We read half the Day and Night Songs together, and I crave him the book. He was most delighted, and said some of it was heavenly.
I took Miss S [aged 24]. to Hastings, and Bessie P. behaved like a brick. I have told Ruskin of my pupil, and he yearneth. Perhaps I may come down on Anna Mary to-night, as I believe she leaves on Wednesday with Barbara S. I am going now to my family, and if you feel inclined to come down to 45, Upper A. St., we will go to the Hermitage together. Otherwise I am not sure of going.
Your G. D. R.
Note. On April 14th [1854] of this year, a few days before the date of this letter. Rossetti wrote to Madox Brown: "Mac Cracken sent my drawing [Dante drawing an Angel in Memory of Beatrice] to Ruskin, who the other day wrote me an incredible letter about it, remaining mine respectfully (!), and wanting to call. I of course stroked him down in my answer, and yesterday he called. His manner was more agreeable than I had always expected. ... He seems in a mood to make my fortune."
A few months later Ruskin wrote to Rossetti: "I forgot to say also that I really do covet your drawings as much as I covet Turner's; only it is useless self-indulgence to buy Turner's, and useful self-indulgence to buy yours. Only I won't have them after they have been more than nine times rubbed entirely out — remember that."
Miss S. was Miss Siddal, with whom Rossetti had fallen in love so early as 1850. though it was not till 1860 that he married her. His brother has told us how her striking face and "coppery-golden hair" were discovered, as it were, by Deverell [aged 23] in a bonnet-shop. She sat to him, to Holman Hunt, and to Millais, but most of all to Rossetti. The following account was given me one day as I sat in the studio of Mr. Arthur Hughes, surrounded by some beautiful sketches he had lately taken on the coast of Cornwall:—
"Deverell accompanied his mother one day to a milliner's. Through an open door he saw a girl working with her needle; he got his mother to ask her to sit to him. She was the future Mrs. Rossetti. Millais painted her for his Ophelia— wonderfully like her. She was tall and slender, with red coppery hair and bright consumptive complexion, though in these early years she had no striking signs of ill health. She was exceedingly quiet, speaking very little. She had read Tennyson, having first come to know something about him by finding one or two of his poems on a piece of paper which she brought home to her mother wrapped round a pat of butter. Rossetti taught her to draw. She used to be drawing while sitting to him. Her drawings were beautiful, but without force. They were feminine likenesses of his own."
Rossetti's pet names for her were Guggum, Guggums. or Gug. A child one day overheard him as he stood before his easel, utter to himself over and over again the words. "Guggum, Guggum." "All the Ruskins were most delighted with Guggum." he wrote. "John Ruskin said she was a noble, curious creature, and his father said by her look and manner she might have been a countess." Ruskin used to call her Ida.
Anna Mary was Miss Howitt (atterwards Mrs. Howitt-Watts). The Hermitage (Highgate Rise), her father's house, was swept away long ago.
Barbara S. was Barbara Leigh Smith (afterwards Madame Bodichon). by whose munificence was laid the foundation of Girton College. Cambridge, the first institution in which a university education was criven to women. Rossetti wrote to his sister on November 8, 1853: — "Ah, if you were only like Miss Barbara Smith! a young lady I meet at the Howitts', blessed with large rations of tin, fat, enthusiasm, and golden hair, who thinks nothing of climbing up a mountain in breeches, or wading through a stream in none, in the sacred name of pigment." "She was a most admirable woman," adds Mr. W. M. Rossetti, "full of noble zeal in every good cause, and endowed with a fine pictorial capacity."
Bessie P. was Miss Bessie Rayner Parkes. daughter of "Joe" Parkes, whom Carlyle hits off in his Reminiscences (vol. i. p. 254). afterwards Madame Belloc. In A Passing World she writes:—, 'Barbara Smith suggested the conception of Romola to George Eliot, who has thus sketched an immortal [?] portrait of her face and bearing in early youth.'
Speaking of Rossetti at the time of his visit to Hastings, she says:— "There was about him in his youth a singular good breeding, enforced and cherished by all the women of his family. ... I did not think his wife in the least like 'a countess,'" she adds; "but she had an unworldly simplicity and purity of aspect which Rossetti has recorded in his pencil drawings of her face. Millais has also given this look in his Ophelia, for which she was the model. The expression of Beatrice [Beata Beatrix, now in the National Gallery] was not hers. ... She had the look of one who read her Bible and said her prayers every night, which she probably did."
In 45, Upper Albany Street (now 166, Albany Street), Rossetti's father died. Here the painter, on the death of his wife, sought refuge for a time.
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On 14th April 1857 Princess Beatrice was born to Prince Albert Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 37] and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom [aged 37]. Coefficient of inbreeding 7.25%. She married 23rd July 1885 Henry Mountbatten and had issue.
After 14th April 1860. Monument to Fanny Elizabeth Hopkins-Northey Baroness Boston [deceased] at St Nicholas Church, Whiston [Map].
Fanny Elizabeth Hopkins-Northey Baroness Boston: On 2nd May 1808 she was born. In 1830 George Ives Irby 4th Baron Boston and she were married. On 12th March 1856 George Irby 3rd Baron Boston died. His son George succeeded 4th Baron Boston, 5th Baronet Irby of Whaplode and Boston. She by marriage Baroness Boston. On 14th April 1860 she died. She was buried at St Nicholas Church, Whiston [Map].
On 14th April 1892 Vere Gordon Childe was born.
On 14th April 1904 Arthur John Gielgud was born to Frank Henry Gielgud [aged 44] and Kate Terry-Lewis [aged 36].
On 14th April 1906 Walter Williams [aged 71] died in a poorhouse in Richmond, Surrey and was buried in a pauper's grave.
14th April 1912. Fredererick Fleet [aged 24] was one of two lookouts on duty on the night the Titanic sank. Despite Fleet and his fellow lookouts repeatedly requesting binoculars, they were never provided; evidence suggests that White Star Line steamers' lookouts did not routinely use them.
Archaeologia Volume 84 1935 Section VI. 14th April 1914. Plate XXX. Fig. 1. View of Avebury, looking SE., in which the following stones are seen: two standing and three prostrate of the outer circle of the southern inner group, two of the great outer circle, and a stone of the Kennet Avenue.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Archaeologia Volume 84 1935 Section VI. 14th April 1914. Plate XXXI. Fig. 1. The E. earthworks of Avebury, looking NW.
On 14th April 1925 John Singer Sargent [aged 69] died at his home in Chelsea.
On 14th April 1933 Alexander Hesse Darmstadt was born to Georg Donatus Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke [aged 26] and Cecilie Glücksburg Grand Duchess [aged 21]. He a great x 2 grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Coefficient of inbreeding 3.83%. He died aged four in 1937.
On 14th April 1204 Henry I King Castile was born to Alfonso VIII King Castile [aged 48] and Eleanor Plantagenet Queen Consort Castile [aged 42]. He a grandson of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England. He married (1) 1215 his second cousin once removed Mafalda Burgundy Queen Consort Castile, daughter of Sancho "Populator" I King Portugal and Dulce Barcelona Queen Consort Portugal (2) 1216 his second cousin Sancha Ivrea Queen Consort Castile, daughter of Alfonso IX King Leon and Theresa of Portugal Queen Consort Leon.
On 14th April 1606 Johanna Wettin was born to Johann Wettin II Duke Saxe Weimar and Dorothea Maria Anhalt at Weimar. He died aged three in 1609.
On 14th April 1616 Grizel Douglas was born to William Douglas 1st Marquess Douglas [aged 27] and Margaret Hamilton Countess Angus [aged 31].
On 14th April 1629 Christian Huygens was born.
On 14th April 1634 John Reresby 2nd Baronet was born to John Reresby 1st Baronet [aged 23] and Frances Yarburgh at Thrybergh.
On 14th April 1661 Thomas Molyneux 1st Baronet was born to Samuel Molyneux of Castle Dillon. He married 1694 Catherine Howard and had issue.
On 14th April 1675 Maurice Ashley-Cooper was born to Anthony Ashley-Cooper 2nd Earl Shaftesbury [aged 23] and Dorothy Manners Countess Shaftesbury [aged 19].
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 14th April 1687 Thomas Samwell 2nd Baronet was born to Thomas Samwell 1st Baronet [aged 33] and Anne Godschalk. He married (1) 22nd March 1710 Millicent Fuller and had issue (2) 27th January 1721 Mary Clarke and had issue.
On 14th April 1689 William Murray was born to John Murray 1st Duke Atholl [aged 29] and Catherine Hamilton Duchess Atholl [aged 27].
On 14th April 1699 Duke Frederick III of Saxe Coburg Altenburg III was born to Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 22] and Magdalena Augusta Anhalt-Zerbst Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg at Gotha. He married 17th September 1729 Luise Dorothea Saxe Meiningen Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg and had issue.
On 14th April 1700 Hugh Clifford 3rd Baron Clifford Chudleigh was born to Hugh Clifford 2nd Baron Clifford Chudleigh [aged 37] and Anne Preston Baroness Clifford. He married 1725 Elizabeth Blount Baroness Clifford Chudleigh and had issue.
On 26th March 1703 Charles Knollys 5th Earl Banbury was born to Charles Knollys 4th Earl Banbury [aged 40] and Mary Woods [aged 19]. He was baptised on 14th April 1703 at St James' Church, Piccadilly. He married 28th December 1725 Martha Hughes and had issue.
On 14th April 1711 John Murray was born to John Murray 1st Duke Atholl [aged 51] and Mary Ross Duchess Atholl [aged 23].
On 14th April 1738 William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke Portland was born to William Bentinck 2nd Duke Portland [aged 29] and Margaret Cavendish Harley 2nd Duchess Portland [aged 23] at Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire [Map]. He married 8th November 1766 his half fourth cousin Dorothy Cavendish 3rd Duchess Portland, daughter of William Cavendish 4th Duke Devonshire and Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle Marchioness Hartington, and had issue.
On 14th April 1743 Louisa Augusta Greville was born to Francis Greville 1st Earl Brooke Warwick Castle 1st Earl Warwick [aged 23] and Elizabeth Hamilton Countess Brooke Warwick Castle and Warwick [aged 23].
On 14th April 1745 Richard Annesley 2nd Earl Annesley was born to William Annesley 1st Viscount Glerawly [aged 35] and Anne Beresford.
On 14th April 1753 John William Egerton 7th Earl Bridgewater was born to Bishop John Egerton [aged 31] and Anne Sophia Grey [aged 23]. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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On 1st December 1753 James Thomas Loraine was born to Charles Loraine 3rd Baronet [aged 50] and Dorothy Myloyt. He was baptised on 14th April 1813 at St Wilfrid's Church, Kirkharle [Map].
On 14th April 1754 Mary Catherine Bertie was born to Peregrine Bertie 3rd Duke Ancaster and Kesteven [aged 40] and Mary Panton Duchess Ancaster and Kesteven.
On 14th April 1755 Editha Rhoda Astley was born to Edward Astley 4th Baronet [aged 25] and Rhoda Delaval [aged 29]. She died before 12th May 1755 when she was buried at St Matthew's Church Widcombe.
On 14th April 1769 William Rae 3rd Baronet was born to David Rae 1st Baronet [aged 45].
On 14th April 1769 John Lyon 10th Earl Strathmore and Kinghorne was born to John Lyon 9th Earl Strathmore and Kinghorne [aged 31] and Mary Bowes Countess Strathmore [aged 20].
On 14th April 1769 Gregory Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes 8th or 14th Baron Saye and Sele was born to Major-General Thomas Twisleton 7th or 13th Baron Saye and Sele [aged 34].
On 14th April 1777 Mary Sparrow Countess Gosford was born to Robert Sparrow [aged 35]. She married before 20th August 1806 Archibald Acheson 2nd Earl Gosford, son of Arthur Acheson 1st Earl Gosford and Millicent Pole Countess Gosford, and had issue.
On 14th April 1779 Nicholas William Ridley-Colborne 1st Baron Colborne was born to Matthew White Ridley 2nd Baronet [aged 33].
On 14th April 1786 Catherine Yorke Countess Caledon was born to Philip Yorke 3rd Earl of Hardwicke [aged 28] and Elizabeth Lindsay Countess Hardwicke [aged 22]. She married 16th October 1811 Du Pre Alexander 2nd Earl Caledon, son of James Alexander 1st Earl Caledon, and had issue.
On 14th April 1798 Frederick Spencer 4th Earl Spencer was born to George John Spencer 2nd Earl Spencer [aged 39] and Lavinia Bingham Countess Spencer [aged 36]. He married (1) 23rd February 1830 his second cousin Elizabeth Georgiana Poyntz Countess Spencer and had issue (2) 1851 Adelaide Horatia Seymour-Conway Countess Spencer and had issue.
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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On 14th April 1800 Thomas Maryon Wilson 8th Baronet was born to Thomas Maryon Wilson 7th Baronet [aged 26].
On 14th April 1802 George Baillie-Hamilton 10th Earl of Haddington was born to George Bailie [aged 38].
On 14th April 1807 William Courtenay 11th Earl Devon was born to William Courtenay 10th Earl Devon [aged 29] and Henrietta Leslie Pepys Countess Devon [aged 29]. He married 1830 his sixth cousin Elizabeth Fortescue Countess Devon, daughter of Hugh Fortescue 1st Earl Fortescue and Hester Granville Countess Fortescue, and had issue.
On 14th April 1809 Edward Fellowes 1st Baron de Ramsey of Ramsey Abbey was born to William Henry Fellowes [aged 39]. He married 22nd July 1845 Mary Julia Milles Baroness de Ramsay, daughter of George John Milles 4th Baron Sondes of Lees Court and Eleanor Knatchbull, and had issue.
On 14th April 1811 Sophia Frances Cust was born to John Cust 1st Earl Brownlow [aged 31] and Amelia Sophia Hume [aged 22]. She died aged eleven in 1822.
On 14th April 1815 Augusta Georgiana Bertie was born to Montagu Bertie 5th Earl of Abingdon [aged 30] and Emily Gage Countess of Abingdon. He died aged less than one years old.
On 14th April 1818 Louisa Anne Stuart Marchioness Waterford was born to Charles Stuart 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay [aged 39] and Elizabeth Yorke Lady Stuart [aged 29]. She married June 1842 Henry de la Poer Beresford 3rd Marquess Waterford, son of Henry de la Poer Beresford 2nd Marquess Waterford and Susan Hussey Carpenter Marchioness Waterford.
On 14th April 1827 Augustus Henry Fox Pitt-Rivers was born to William Augustus Lane-Fox [aged 31] and Caroline Douglas at Bramham cum Oglethorpe Wetherby. He married 3rd February 1853 Alice Margaret Stanley, daughter of Edward John Stanley 2nd Baron Stanley and 1st Baron Eddisbury and Henrietta Maria Dillon Baroness Stanley Alderley and Eddisbury, and had issue.
On 14th April 1827 Arthur Walsh 2nd Baron Ormathwaite was born to John Benn Walsh 1st Baron Ormathwaite [aged 28] and Jane Grey Baroness Ormathwaite [aged 24]. He married 20th July 1858 his fifth cousin Katherine Somerset Baroness Ormathwaite, daughter of Henry Somerset 7th Duke Beaufort and Emily Frances Smith Duchess Beaufort, and had issue.
On 14th April 1839 Henry Anson Cavendish 4th Baron Waterpark was born to Henry Cavendish 3rd Baron Waterpark [aged 45] and Elizabeth Jane Anson Baroness Waterpark [aged 23]. He married 1873 Emily Stenning Baroness Waterpark and had issue.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 14th April 1857 Princess Beatrice was born to Prince Albert Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 37] and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom [aged 37]. Coefficient of inbreeding 7.25%. She married 23rd July 1885 Henry Mountbatten and had issue.
On 14th April 1860 John Page Wood 5th Baronet was born to Francis Wood 3rd Baronet [aged 26].
On 14th April 1876 Cecil Herbert Edward Chubb 1st Baronet was born to Alfred Chubb at Shrewton, Wiltshire [Map]. He attended Christ's College, Cambridge University [Map] where he was awarded a double first in Science and Law, leaving with Master of Arts and Bachelor of Law degrees. He married 1902 Mary Bella Alice Finch Lady Chubb and had issue.
On 14th April 1876 Almina Wombwell Countess Carnarvon was born illegitimately to Alfred de Rothschild [aged 33] and Marie "Mina" Wombwell. Her name being a combination of Alfred and Mina.
On 14th April 1883 Francis Gerald Agar-Robartes 7th Viscount Clifden was born to Thomas Agar-Robartes 6th Viscount Clifden [aged 39] and Mary Dickinson Viscountess Clifden.
On 14th April 1885 Charles Henry Alexander Paget 6th Marquess Anglesey was born to Alexander Victor Paget [aged 45]. He married 3rd August 1912 his fifth cousin Victoria Marjorie Harriet Manners Marchioness Anglesey, daughter of Henry John Brinsley Manners 8th Duke Rutland and Violet Lindsay Duchess Rutland, and had issue.
On 14th April 1887 Alexander Francis Bowes-Lyon was born to Claude Bowes-Lyon 14th Earl Strathmore and Kinghorne [aged 32] and Cecilia Nina Cavendish-Bentinck Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne [aged 24].
On 14th April 1892 Vere Gordon Childe was born.
On 14th April 1898 Admiral Guy Herbrand Edward Russell was born to Oliver Russell 2nd Baron Ampthill [aged 29] and Margaret Lygon Baroness Ampthill [aged 23].
On 14th April 1904 Arthur John Gielgud was born to Frank Henry Gielgud [aged 44] and Kate Terry-Lewis [aged 36].
On 14th April 1912 Edward Astley 22nd Baron Hastings was born to Albert Edward Astley 21st Baron Hastings [aged 30] and Marguerite Helen Neville Baroness Hastings [aged 25]. He married 7th July 1954 Catherine Hinton Baroness Hastings and had issue.
On 14th April 1914 Frederick George Moore Perceval 11th Earl Egmont was born to Frederick Joseph Trevelyan Perceval 10th Earl Egmont [aged 40].
On 14th April 1916 Edward John Chichester 11th Baronet was born to Edward George Chichester 10th Baronet [aged 33]. He married 23rd May 1950 Anne Rachel Pearl Douglas-Scott-Montagu, daughter of John Douglas-Scott-Montagu 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu and Alice Pearl Crake Baroness Montagu, and had issue.
On 14th April 1920 Grania Guinness Marchioness of Normanby was born to Walter Guiness 1st Baron Moyne [aged 40] and Evelyn Erskine Baroness Moyne [aged 37]. She married 10th February 1951 Oswald Phipps 4th Marquess Normanby, son of Constantine Phipps 3rd Marquess Normanby and Gertrude Stansfeld Foster Marchioness Normanby, and had issue.
Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'
This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.
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On 14th April 1922 Richard Fortescue 7th Earl Fortescue was born to Denzil George Fortescue 6th Earl Fortescue [aged 28] and Marjorie Ellinor Trotter Countess Fortescue [aged 28].
On 14th April 1933 Alexander Hesse Darmstadt was born to Georg Donatus Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke [aged 26] and Cecilie Glücksburg Grand Duchess [aged 21]. He a great x 2 grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Coefficient of inbreeding 3.83%. He died aged four in 1937.
On 14th April 1944 John Pelham 9th Earl Chichester was born to John Pelham 8th Earl of Chichester posthumously his father having been killed in a car accident around eight weeks before. At birth he succeeded his father as 9th Earl Chichester, 10th Baron Pelham of Stanmer in Sussex and 14th Baronet Pelham of Laughton.
On 14th April 1447 Lionel Welles 6th Baron Welles [aged 41] and Margaret Beauchamp Duchess Somerset [aged 37] were married. She by marriage Baroness Welles. They were fourth cousin once removed. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward I of England.
On 14th April 1616 Robert Sutton 1st Baron Lexinton [aged 21] and Elizabeth Manners Baroness Lexington [aged 21] were married. She by marriage Baroness Lexinton of Aram in Nottinghamshire.
On 14th April 1653 Henry Carey 4th Viscount Falkland [aged 19] and Rachel Hungerford Viscountess Falkland [aged 18] were married at Black Bourton, Bampton. She by marriage Viscountess Falkland.
On 14th April 1659 Roger Palmer 1st Earl Castlemaine [aged 25] and Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland [aged 18] were married. She the daughter of William Villiers 2nd Viscount Grandison and Mary Bayning Countess Anglesey [aged 36].
On 14th April 1664 William Williams 1st Baronet [aged 30] and Margaret Kyffin were married. They had four sons and one daughter.
On 14th April 1702 John Paulett 1st Earl Paulett [aged 34] and Bridget Bertie Countess Paulett were married. They were fourth cousins.
On 14th April 1721 Henry Hoghton 5th Baronet [aged 43] and Elizabeth Lloyd Lady Hoghton were married. She by marriage Lady Hoghton of Hoghton Tower in Lancashire.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 14th April 1762 Patrick Blake 1st Baronet [aged 20] and Annabella Bunbury [aged 17] were married.
On 14th April 1766 William Digby [aged 33] and Charlotte Cox [aged 23] were married.
On 14th April 1794 Thomas Thynne 2nd Marquess of Bath [aged 29] and Isabella Elizabeth Byng Marchioness Bath [aged 20] were married. He the son of Thomas Thynne 1st Marquess of Bath [aged 59] and Elizabeth Bentinck Marchioness Bath [aged 58]. They were fifth cousins.
On 14th April 1823 William Henry Francis Petre 11th Baron Petre [aged 30] and Emma Agnes Howard [aged 19] were married.
On 14th April 1868 Henry Brand 2nd Viscount Hampden [aged 26] and Susan Henrietta Cavendish Viscountess Hampden [aged 21] were married. She by marriage Viscountess Hampden.
On 14th April 1070 Gerard Metz I Duke Lorraine [aged 40] died. His son Theodoric [aged 15] succeeded II Duke Lorraine.
On 14th April 1109 Fulk "Réchin" Anjou 4th Count Anjou [aged 66] died. In 1109 His son Fulk [aged 20] succeeded V Count Anjou.
On 14th April 1205 Louis Blois I Count Blois [aged 33] died. His son Theobald succeeded VI Count Blois.
On 14th April 1322 Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere [aged 46] was tried by Henry Cobham 1st Baron Cobham [aged 62] at Canterbury, Kent [Map].
Sentenced to death Bartholomew Badlesmere 1st Baron Badlesmere was drawn for three miles behind a horse to Blean, Canterbury, where he held property, where he was beheaded. His head was displayed on the Burgh Gate, Canterbury and the rest of his body left hanging at Blean, Canterbury. He was buried at Whitefriars. His nephew Henry Burghesh's [aged 30] lands were also seized. These were restored around 1326.
On 14th April 1345 Bishop Richard de Bury [aged 58] died.
On 14th April 1424 Lucia Visconti Countess Kent [aged 44] died.
On 18th October 1470 John "Butcher of England" Tiptoft 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 43] was beheaded at Tower Green, Tower of London [Map]. On 14th April 1471 His son Edward succeeded 2nd Earl Worcester, 3rd Baron Tiptoft.
On 14th April 1471 Edward IV [aged 28] commanded at the Battle of Barnet supported by his brothers George [aged 21] and Richard [aged 18], John Babington [aged 48], Wiliam Hastings [aged 40] (commanded), Ralph Hastings, William Norreys [aged 30], William Parr [aged 37], John Savage [aged 49], William Bourchier Viscount Bourchier [aged 41], Thomas St Leger [aged 31], John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 45], Thomas Burgh 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough [aged 40], John Scott [aged 48] and Thomas Strickland.
The Yorkists William Blount [aged 29], Humphrey Bourchier [aged 36], Henry Stafford [aged 46] and Thomas Parr were killed.
Humphrey Bourchier 1st Baron Cromwell [aged 40], was killed. Baron Cromwell extinct.
The Lancastrians...
Warwick the Kingmaker [aged 42] was killed. Earl Salisbury, Baron Montagu, Baron Montagu and Baron Monthermer forfeit on the assumption he was attainted either before or after his death; the date of his attainder is unknown. If not attainted the titles may have been abeyant between his two daughters Isabel Neville Duchess Clarence [aged 19] and Anne Neville Queen Consort England [aged 14].
John Neville 1st Marquess Montagu [aged 40] was killed. Marquess Montagu, Baron Montagu forfeit; unclear as to when he was attainted. He was buried at Bisham Abbey [Map].
William Tyrrell was killed.
William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele [aged 43] was killed. His son Henry [aged 25] succeeded 3rd Baron Saye and Sele. Anne Harcourt Baroness Saye and Sele by marriage Baroness Saye and Sele.
Henry Holland 3rd Duke Exeter [aged 40] commanded the left flank, was badly wounded and left for dead, Henry Stafford and John Paston [aged 27] were wounded, John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford [aged 28] commanded, and John Paston [aged 29] and William Beaumont 2nd Viscount Beaumont [aged 33] fought.
Robert Harleston [aged 36] was killed.
Thomas Hen Salusbury [aged 62] was killed.
Thomas Tresham [aged 51] escaped but was subsequently captured and executed on the 6th of May 1471.
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On 14th April 1524 William Conyers 1st Baron Conyers [aged 55] died at Hornby Castle [Map]. His son Christopher [aged 33] succeeded 2nd Baron Conyers. Anne Dacre Baroness Conyers [aged 23] by marriage Baroness Conyers.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 14th April 1534 Richard Sacheverell Baron Hungerford, Botreaux and Moleyns [aged 67] died.
On 14th April 1587 Edward Manners 3rd Earl of Rutland [aged 37] died at his home Ivy Bridge on the Strand [Map] or at Puddle Wharf aka Dock [Map]. He was buried at St Mary the Virgin Church, Bottesford, Leicestershire [Map]. His daughter Elizabeth [aged 12] succeeded 15th Baroness Ros Helmsley. His brother John [aged 36] succeeded 4th Earl of Rutland. Elizabeth Charlton Countess Rutland [aged 34] by marriage Countess of Rutland. He would be Earl for ten months only dying on 24 Feb 1588.
Robert Constable [aged 65] was one of the principal mourners at his funeral.
On 14th April 1662 William Fiennes 1st Viscount Saye and Sele [aged 79] died at Broughton Castle, Oxfordshire. His son James [aged 60] succeeded 2nd Viscount Saye and Sele, 9th Baron Saye and Sele.
On 14th April 1671 Margaret Lovelace Lady Noel [aged 31] died.
On 12th April 1681 or 14th April 1681 Thomas Littleton 2nd Baronet [aged 60] died. His son Thomas [aged 34] succeeded 3rd Baronet Littleton of Stoke Milburgh in Suffolk
On 14th April 1698 Captain John Smith [aged 36] died at Purton.
On 14th April 1711 Louis "Le Grand Dauphin" Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 49] died of smallpox. Louis Bourbon Duke Burgundy [aged 28] was appointed Duke Burgundy and Dauphin.
On 14th April 1729 Washington Shirley 2nd Earl Ferrers [aged 51] died. His brother Henry [aged 37] succeeded 3rd Earl Ferrers, 9th Baronet Shirley of Staunton Harold in Leicestershire.
On 14th April 1736 Gertrude Carew Lady Coplestone Lady Copley Sprotborough [aged 54] died.
On 14th April 1742 Henrietta Finch Duchess of Cleveland Duchess Southampton [aged 40] died.
On 14th April 1763 Evelyn Leveson-Gower Countess Upper Ossory [aged 38] died.
On 4th April 1766 John Molesworth 4th Baronet [aged 61] died. He was buried at Egloshayle Church [Map] on 14th April 1766. His son John [aged 37] succeeded 5th Baronet Molesworth of Pencarrow in Cornwall. Barbara St Aubyn Lady Molesworth [aged 36] by marriage Lady Molesworth of Pencarrow in Cornwall.
On 14th April 1779 Jemima Tullekin Jones Countess Cornwallis died.
On 14th April 1782 John Parnell 1st Baronet [aged 62] died. His son John [aged 37] succeeded 2nd Baronet Parnell of Rathleague Queen's County.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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On 14th April 1812 Jane Maxwell Duchess Gordon [aged 64] died.
On 14th April 1826 Harriet Courtenay Baroness Carteret [aged 54] died.
On 14th April 1833 James Langham 10th Baronet [aged 56] died. His son James [aged 30] succeeded 11th Baronet Langham of Cottesbrooke in Northamptonshire.
On 14th April 1842 Joseph Theakston [aged 70] died at Belgrave Place, Belgravia.
On 14th April 1860 Fanny Elizabeth Hopkins-Northey Baroness Boston [aged 51] died. She was buried at St Nicholas Church, Whiston [Map].
On 14th April 1866 Frances Elizabeth Villiers Viscountess Ponsonby [aged 80] died.
On 14th April 1880 William Mordaunt Milner 6th Baronet [aged 31] died unmarried. His brother Frederick [aged 30] succeeded 7th Baronet Milner of Nun Appleton Hall in Yorkshire.
On 14th April 1883 John Bell William Mansel 11th Baronet [aged 76] died without surviving male issue. His half first cousin once removed Richard [aged 33] succeeded 12th Baronet Mansel of Muddlescombe. His elder brother Edward Berkeley Mansel 12th Baronet [aged 44] was barred from the succession since his parents were considered to have married after his birth.
John Bell William Mansel 11th Baronet devised his real estate to his daughters; Maria, the only daughter who married, was wife of Sir Edward Bradford Medlycott [aged 51], 4th Baronet.
On 14th April 1898 Harriet Augusta Anna Seymourina Chichester Countess Shaftesbury died.
On 14th April 1906 Walter Williams [aged 71] died in a poorhouse in Richmond, Surrey and was buried in a pauper's grave.
Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'
This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.
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On 14th April 1925 John Singer Sargent [aged 69] died at his home in Chelsea.
On 14th April 1938 Henry Lopes 1st Baron Roborough [aged 79] died. His son Massey [aged 34] succeeded 2nd Baron Roborough of Maristow in Devon, 5th Baronet Lopes of Maristow-House in Devon.
On 14th April 1966 Chandos Temple-Gore-Langton 6th Earl Temple of Stowe [aged 56] died. His brother Ronald [aged 55] succeeded 7th Earl Temple of Stowe.
On 14th April 1970 David Mountbatten 3rd Marquess Milford Haven [aged 50] died. His son George [aged 8] succeeded 4th Marquess Milford Haven.
On 14th April 2013 Richard James Dashwood 9th Baronet [aged 63] died. Baronet Dashwood of Kirtlington Park in Oxfordshire extinct.
