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Chronicle of the Abbey of Evesham

The Chronicle of the Abbey of Evesham is a remarkable medieval history of one of England’s great Benedictine monasteries. Beginning with the abbey’s legendary and royal foundations, it traces the fortunes of Evesham through centuries of religious devotion, political conflict, legal struggle, rebuilding, reform, and royal patronage. At the heart of the chronicle is the abbey’s determination to defend its ancient liberties. Its monks record disputes with bishops, appeals to popes and papal legates, contested elections of abbots, lawsuits over lands and privileges, and the long struggle to preserve Evesham’s exemption from episcopal control. Alongside these institutional battles are vivid accounts of saints and miracles, including St Ecgwine, St Odulf and the royal martyr St Wistan, whose relics and cult formed an important part of the abbey’s identity. The chronicle also preserves a wealth of detail about everyday monastic life. It describes the building and repair of churches, cloisters, chapels, halls, mills, granges and fishponds; the acquisition of estates and revenues; the making of vestments, shrines, bells and liturgical books; and the provision of food, clothing, recreation and medical care for the monks. Successive abbots emerge not merely as religious superiors but as administrators, builders, patrons, diplomats and defenders of the community. Extending into the later Middle Ages, the narrative reflects the changing political world around Evesham, from the Norman Conquest and the Angevin kings to the Wars of the Roses and the reign of Henry VIII. The result is both a history of a single monastery and a richly detailed record of medieval English religious, legal, economic and political life. This edition offers modern readers direct access to one of the most important monastic chronicles of medieval England, revealing how the monks of Evesham understood their saints, their privileges, their rulers and their place in history.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is in General Things.

Numbers

Real Numbers

Real Numbers can be either Algebraic Numbers or Transcendental Number.

Transcendental Number

Transcendental Number are numbers which are non-algebraic. They transcend Algebraic Numbers hence the name.

Real Numbers can be either Algebraic Numbers or Transcendental Number.

PI is the ratio of diameter and circumference of a circle. It is a Transcendental Number.

Natural Logarithm of 2. Is the logarithm of 2 to the base of e. It is usually written as ln2. It is a Transcendental Number.

The Alternating Harmonic Series: SUM(1,INFINITY) ( (-1)**(N+1) ) / N = 1 (1/2) + (1/3) (1/4) + (1/5) (1/6) + ....

Or Binary Rising Constant Factorial: SUM(1,INFINITY) 1 / ( ( 2**N ) *N) = 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/24 + 1/64 + 1/160 + 1/384 + 1/896 + ....

Or SUM(0,INFINITY) 1 / ( ( 2N + 1 ) * ( 2N + 2 ) ) = 1 / ( 4N**2 + 6N + 2 ) = 1/2 + 1/12 + 1/30 + 1/56 + 1/90 + 1/132 + 1/182 + 1/240 + ....

e

e. Euler's Number is 2.718254. It is usually written as 'e'. It is a Transcendental Number.

Euler's Number is the number to which compounding, as in compount interest, converges.

For example, if interest is paid at 100% then after one year £1 becomes £2.

If the interest is charged at 50% twice then the interest will be ( 1 * 1.5 ) * 1.5 = 1.5**2 = 2.25

If the interest is charged at 25% four times then the interest will be ( ( ( ( 1 * 1.25 ) * 1.25 ) * 1.25 ) * 1.25 )= 1.25**4 = 2.44

If the interest is charged at 8.33% twelve times then the interest will be 1.0833**12 = 2.612

If the interest is charged at 4.2% twenty-four times year then the interest will be ( 1.042**4 ) = 2.67

If the interest is charged at 0.1% one thousand times then the interest will be ( 1.001**1000 ) = 2.72

If the interest is charged at an infinite number of times then the interest will be ( 1.00/∞ )**∞ = 2.718254... which is Euler's number.

Euler's Number is the sum of the infinite series ( 1 / n! ) ie 1 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/6 + 1/24 + 1/120 + 1/720 + 1/5040 .... = 2.718281828.

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Natural Logarithm of 2

Natural Logarithm of 2. Is the logarithm of 2 to the base of e. It is usually written as ln2. It is a Transcendental Number.

The Alternating Harmonic Series: SUM(1,INFINITY) ( (-1)**(N+1) ) / N = 1 (1/2) + (1/3) (1/4) + (1/5) (1/6) + ....

Or Binary Rising Constant Factorial: SUM(1,INFINITY) 1 / ( ( 2**N ) *N) = 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/24 + 1/64 + 1/160 + 1/384 + 1/896 + ....

Or SUM(0,INFINITY) 1 / ( ( 2N + 1 ) * ( 2N + 2 ) ) = 1 / ( 4N**2 + 6N + 2 ) = 1/2 + 1/12 + 1/30 + 1/56 + 1/90 + 1/132 + 1/182 + 1/240 + ....

PI

PI is the ratio of diameter and circumference of a circle. It is a Transcendental Number.

Series

Fibonacci Series

Fibonacci Series. The series that starts with 0 and 1. Some mathematicians suggest it starts with 1 and 1. The next term in the series is the sum of its previous two terms: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, etc.