William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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02 Jul is in July.
1035 Death of Duke Robert II of Normandy
1528 Sweating Sickness Outbreak
1551 Sweating Sickness Outbreak
1613 The Globe Theatre Burns Down
On 02 or 3rd July 657 Pope Vitalian was elected Pope.
On 2nd July 866 Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine (age 46) and Robert "Strong" (age 36) were killed fighting the joint Breton-Viking army at the Battle of Brissarthe at Brissarthe.
On 2nd July 936 Henry "Fowler" I King East Francia (age 60) died. His son Otto (age 23) succeeded I King Germany, I Duke Saxony. Eadgyth Wessex Queen Consort Germany by marriage Queen Consort Germany.
Chronicon ex Chronicis by Florence and John of Worcester. 1035. Robert, duke of Normandy (age 35), died, and was succeeded by his son William the Bastard (age 7), then a minor.
History of the Dukes of Normandy by William of Jumieges. Then the duke, unwilling [to leave], devout, and beloved of God, after worshiping Christ with inward sobbing sighs, and after visiting the holy places of the Saints, turned back on his blessed journey and returned to the city of Nicaea. There he was seized by bodily illness, and in the year 1035 from the Lord's Incarnation, following the path appointed for all mankind, he fell asleep at the summons of the divine call, with the angels rejoicing, on the sixth day before the Nones of July [2nd July 1035].
Porro, invitus dux, pius et Deo amabilis, adorato Christo cum internorum singultuum suspiriis, et peragratis Sanctorum locis, felicissimum convertens iter, ad Nicænam regressus est urbem. In qua correptus ægrimonia corporis, millesimo tricesimo quinto ab Incarnatione Domini anno, viam petens universi generis humani, gaudentibus angelis, divinæ vocationis jussu in fine occubuit VI Nonas Julii.
On 2nd July 1035 Robert "Magnificent" Normandy I Duke Normandy (age 35) died at Nicaea. His son William (age 7) succeeded II Duke Normandy.
On 2nd July 1226 Waleran Luxemburg III Duke Limburg (age 61) died. His son Henry (age 31) succeeded IV Duke Limburg, I Count Berg.
Archaeologia Volume 35 1853 XXXIII. On Monday the 2nd of July [1358], Isabella (age 63) left Leeds on her return to Hertford; which she reached on the 6th; making the daily stages of Rochester, Dartford, London, and Tottenham. Sir John de Wynewyk supped with the Queen in London, and the Countess of Warren (age 62) and the Maréchal D'Audenham at Tottenham. She was accompanied to Hertford by the Queen of Scotland (age 36). Isabella remained without visitors for some days after her return to Hertford. A memorandum is entered that the King was expected on the 13th of July; and on the 17th, strangers were entertained during the day, but they are not named.
Life Charles VI by a Monk of St Denis [~1420]. [2nd July 1415]. On the following day, namely the second of July, in the chapter of the lesser church, the messengers meeting with the aforementioned bishops and knights made a declaration of their power before all, requesting that they descend to specific acts, since their delay was prejudicial to the king, and against certain things he had established; and precisely he gave them a period to confer until Saturday. Then the archbishop of Bourges, eloquently speaking: "The king leaves to the judgment of all Christians that he has always desired to obtain peace, and through the path of justice, since he has offered to the king of England famous cities, counties, and dominions of nearly immeasurable value from the body of the kingdom in Aquitaine, he has not denied for the marriage of his illustrious daughter, lady Catherine, eight hundred thousand francs of gold. Nor have you read in the annals that with such a monetary sum any king or emperor has ever exited from the paternal palace; therefore, what the mind suggests, if it pleases, proclaim."
Altera autem die, secunda scilicet jullii, in capitulo minoris ecclesie cum episcopis et militibus predictis nuncii convenientes, ibi de potestate ipsorum coram omnibus fidem fecit, rogans ut ad particularia facta descenderent, quoniam mora ipsorum regi prejudiciabilis erat, et contra quedam que statuerat, preciseque spacium conferendi dedit eis usque ad diem sabbati. Tunc Bituricensis archiepiscopus ore diserto perorans: "Universorum, inquit, christicolarum relinquit rex judicio, quod pacem semper optaverit adipisci, et per viam justicie, cum de corpore regni in Aquitania urbes famosas, comitatus et dominia fere inestimabilis valoris regi Anglie obtulerit, ipsi quoque non denegaverit pro connubio inclite filie sue domine Katerine octies centuin milia francos auri. Nec in annalibus legistis, quod cum tanta peccuniali summa aliqua regis vel imperatoris genita de palacio paterno exierit; idcirco quod mens suggerit, si placet, edicite."
On 2nd July 1438 Ernest Wittelsbach I Duke Bavaria (age 65) died at Munich. His son Albert (age 37) succeeded III Duke Bavaria.
Chronicle of Gregory [1400-1467]. 2nd July 1450. And a-pon the morowe, that was the Fryday, a gayn evyn, they smote a sondyr the ropys of the draught brygge and faught sore a manly, and many a man was mortheryde and kylde in that conflycte, I wot not what [to] a name it for the multytude of ryffe raffe. And thenne they enteryde in to the cytte of London as men that hadde ben halfe be-syde her wytte; and in that furynys they wente, as they said, for the common wele of the realme of Ingelonde, evyn strayght unto a marchaunte is place i-namyd Phylyppe Malpas of London. Yf it were trewe as they surmysyd aftyr ther doyng, I remytte me to ynke and pauper - Deus scit et ego non [God knows and I am not]. But welle I wote that every ylle begynnynge moste comynly hathe an ylle endyng, and every goode begynnyng hathe the wery goode endyng. Proverbium: - Felix principium finem facit esse beatum [A happy beginning makes an end happy]. And that Phylyppe Malpas was aldyrman, and they spoylydhym ande bare a-way moche goode of hys, and in specyalle moche mony, bothe of sylvyr and golde, the valowe of a notabylle som, and in specyalle of marchaundys, as of tynne, woode, madyr, and alym, whythe grette quantyte of wollyn clothe and many ryche jewellys, why the othyr notabylle stuffe of fedyr beddys, beddyng, napery, and many a ryche clothe of arys, to the vale we of a notabylle some - nescio, set Deus omnia scit [I don't know, but God knows all things].
Patent Rolls. 2nd July 1464. Grant to John Scot (age 41), knight, controller of the king's household, or his executors after his death of all moneys arising from the subsidy called 'tonnage and poundage,'viz, the 3s. in the tun and the 12d. in the pound, in the port of the city of London at the hands of the collectors immediately after the full repayment of £1938 12s. 3d. to the king's kinsman John, Earl of Worcester (age 37), and £960 6s. iid. to Robert Styllington (age 44), king's clerk, keeper of the privy seal, from the said subsidy in the ports of London, Southampton and Sandwich, as granted to them by letters patent dated 30 June, 3 Edward IV., until he shall be fully satisfied of the sum of £256 3s. 6d. in which the king is indebted to him for having prepared divers ships in the port of Sandwich at the king's command and taken them to the north with victuals and soldiers on the defence of the realm. And until he be thus fully satisfied he shall ns often as he pleases nominate a suitable person to the treasurer of England to be appointed one of the collectors of the said subsidy. By K.
On 2nd July 1466 François Valois Duke Longueville (age 19) and Agnès de Savoy Duchess Longueville were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. He the son of Jean "Bastard of Orléans" Valois Count Dunois Count Longueville (age 63) and Marie Harcourt.
On 22nd July 1484 William Douglas 4th Lord Drumlanrig was killed during the Battle of Lochmaben Fair. Note. Some sources report this as the Battle of Kirtie on 2nd July 1484?
James Douglas 9th Earl Douglas 3rd Earl Avondale (age 58) was captured.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 2nd July 1489 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer was born at Aslockton, Nottinghamshire. He married July 1532 Margaret m Cranmer.
On 2nd July 1492 Elizabeth Tudor was born to King Henry VII of England and Ireland (age 35) and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England (age 26). She died aged three in 1495.
Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic Henry VIII 1528. 2nd July 1528. Titus, B. I. 320. B. M. 4452. John Mordaunt (age 20) To [Wolsey].
Asks him to obtain him the place of under-treasurer, void by the death of Sir William Compton (deceased), about which he spoke to Wolsey at the last vacancy. Last Lent, at Hampton Court, asked him for Sir Harry Wyat's (age 68) room, but he said he had determined to give it to Tuke, though he answered favorably his request to promote him to some such place. Thanks him for all his kindness. Asks his acceptance of 500 marks for the college at Oxford. Will give £100 to the King, if Wolsey pleases, "for his gracious goodness to be showed to me therein."
Asks for the wardship of one of the sisters of the late Mr. Browghton, for his younger sons, as their lands lie in Bradford, in which Mordaunt dwells. Will give £200 more than any other will give. Cannot pay ready money, owing to his expence in buying the heir of Sir Richard Fitzlewes (age 73) and in marrying his daughters, but he will give Wolsey a manor or two instead. Would have attended on Wolsey in person, but dares not presume to do so, in consequence of the sickness. When he first heard the premises, was busy in viewing the King's forest of Rockingham, where the King suffers daily great loss. His servant, the bearer, will attend on Wolsey daily to know his pleasure. 2 July.
Asks him to burn this letter.
Hol., pp. 2.
Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic Henry VIII 1528. 2nd July 1528. R. O. 4453. Richard Broke To Nich. Townesley.
Received his letters dated at Hampton Court, 1 July, requiring him to attend my lord's Grace that day or else tomorrow. Would have done so if he had not been sick of the sweat; from which one of his clerks at London is newly recovered, and another who yesterday wrote divers letters for him fell ill shortly after 12 o'clock at afternoon. All his horses are in Mortlake Park, beside Putneyth. Has ordered his servant, the bearer, to take them out, and get ready his saddles and harness at London that he may ride the circuit. Will be with my Lord whenever his servant brings his horses. Sutton, in Kent, 30 miles from Hampton Court, about midnight before the 2 July.
Hol., p. 1. Add.: Master Nicolas Townesley, clerk. Endd.
On 2nd July 1536 John Stewart 2nd Duke Albany (age 52) died.
Letters and Papers. 2nd July 1536. 17. T. Earl of Wiltshire (age 59) to Cromwell.
I received a letter from the King, with another from you concerning an augmentation of living to my daughter of Rochford (age 31); and although my living of late is much decayed, I am content, whereas she now has 100 marks a year, and 200 marks a year after my decease, to give her 50 marks a year more in hand. From Lady day last past she shall have £100 a year to live on, where she should have had only 100 marks as long as I live, and after my death 300 marks a year. Beseeching you to inform the King that I do this alonely for his pleasure. When I married I had only £50 a year to live on for me and my wife as long as my father lived, and yet she brought me every year a child. I thank you for your goodness to me when I am far off, and cannot always be present to answer for myself. Hever [Map], this first Sunday of July.
Hol., pp. 2. Add.: Chief Secretary. Endd.
On 2nd July 1536 three weddings between the Neville, and Manners and Vere families, were celebrated at one mass at Holywell Priory [Map]:
Henry Neville 5th Earl of Westmoreland (age 11) and Anne Manners Countess of Westmoreland (age 9) were married. She the daughter of Thomas Manners 1st Earl of Rutland (age 44) and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland (age 41). He the son of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland (age 38) and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland (age 37). They were half fourth cousins. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Henry Manners 2nd Earl of Rutland (age 9) and Margaret Neville Countess Rutland were married. She the daughter of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland. He the son of Thomas Manners 1st Earl of Rutland and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland. They were half fourth cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward III of England.
John de Vere 16th Earl of Oxford (age 20) and Dorothy Neville Countess of Oxford were married. She the daughter of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland. He the son of John de Vere 15th Earl of Oxford (age 65) and Elizabeth Trussell Countess of Oxford.
Those present included Thomas Audley 1st Baron Audley Walden (age 48), Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (age 63), Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (age 52), Henry Grey 1st Duke of Suffolk (age 19), Henry Courtenay 1st Marquess Exeter (age 40), John de Vere 15th Earl of Oxford and Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland.
Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic Henry VIII 1541. 2nd July 1541. 954. Chapuys (age 51) to the Queen of Hungary.
Almost immediately after Chapuys's return the King (age 50) gave the people of Dunkirk permission to buy here a quantity of wood for their own use for curing herrings, and he has frequently reminded Chapuys of the favor, saying he was surprised that the town had not sent a deputation to say how much wood they required. The deputation has arrived, and now, after being kept 13 days without an answer, they have been told that it is mere loss of time to solicit such things till the Queen has promised to release the harness, copper, and war ammunition purchased by the King some time ago at Antwerp.
On 2nd July 1551 Edward Grey 3rd Baron Grey of Powis (age 48) died of sweating sickness. Baron Grey of Powis abeyant.
By an inquisition taken at Montgomery, 5 Edward VI, 1551, after the death of Edward last Lord Powes, it appears "that Edward Grey Lord Powes in his life suffered a recovery, and made a deed of feoffment, and made a will and codicil, whereby in default of lawful issue of his own body, he limited the inheritance of his whole estate to Edward Grey, his bastard son by Jane Orwell, daughter of Sir Lewis Orwell, Knight, and the other heirs of his body, with remainders to his daughters by the said Jane Orwell, and the heirs of their bodies, successively, with remainders in fee to his own right heirs." And the jury find, that the said Edward Grey was his consanguineus et heres in remanen', which, by a decree of the Court of Wards, 27 Elizabeth, hereafter mentioned, is explained to be hæres factus. See "The Feudal Barons of Powys".
Henry Machyn's Diary. 2nd July 1557. The ij day of July the duke of Norfoke('s) (age 21) sun was crystened at Whytt-hall at after-non, and the kyng (age 30) and my lord chanseler (age 56) was the godfathers, and my old lade the duches of North-foke (age 60)1 was the god-mother, and ther wher iiijxx storchys bornyng.
Note. P. 141. Christening of the duke of Norfolk's son. Philip earl of Surrey, as he was called in his infancy, and afterwards the distinguished earl of Arundel of that name, was "borne at Arundell place in London 28. of July [June] 1557." (MS. Harl. 897, f. 79.) Stowe also has recorded his christening "in the queenes chapell at Westminster, in a font of gold." The king and lord chancellor stood godfathers "in proper person."
Note 1. Assumed to be the dowager duchess of Norfolk since referred to as 'old lade' rather than the current Duchess of Norfolk Elizabeth Leybourne Duchess Norfolk (age 21).
On 2nd July 1600 the Battle of Nieuwpoort took place at Nieuwpoort in Flanders.
Charles Drury was killed.
Life and Letters of Henry Wotton. 222. To Sir Edmund Bacon (age 43). Letters to B., p. 29; Reliq., 3rd ed., p. 425. The burning of the Globe Theatre. July 2, 1613.
Sir
Whereas I wrote unto you, that I would be at Cambridge as on Saturday next, I am now cast off again till the King's return to London, which will be about the middle of the week following. The delay grows from a desire of seeing Albertus his business settled before we come unto you, where we mean to forget all the world besides. Of this we shall bring you the account.
Now, to let matters of state sleep, I will entertain you at the present with what hath happened this week at the Bank's side. The King's players had a new play, called All is true, representing some principal pieces of the reign of Henry VIII, which was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and majesty, even to the matting of the stage; the Knights of the Order with their Georges and garters, the Guards with their embroidered coats, and the like: sufficient in truth within a while to make greatness very familiar, if not ridiculous. Now, King Henry making a masque at the Cardinal Wolsey's house, and certain chambers1 being shot off at his entry, some of the paper, or other stuff, wherewith one of them was stopped, did light on the thatch, where being thought at first but an idle smoke, and their eyes more attentive to the show, it kindled inwardly, and ran round like a train, consuming within less than an hour the whole house to the very grounds2.
This was the fatal period of that virtuous fabric, wherein yet nothing did perish but wood and straw, and a few forsaken cloaks; only one man had his breeches set on fire, that would perhaps have broiled him, if he had not by the benefit of a provident wit put it out with bottle ale. The rest when we meet; till when, I protest every minute is the siege of Troy. God's dear blessings till then and ever be with you.
Your poor uncle and faithful servant,
Henry Wotton.
I have this week received your last of the 27th of June, wherein I see my steps lovingly calculated, and in truth too much expectation of so unworthy a guest.
Note 1. 'Chambers,' name given in 16th-17th century to pieces of ordnance. (N.E.D)
Note 2. The famous Globe Theatre was burnt on June 29. It is generally supposed that an adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry VIII was being acted. (Nichols. i, p. 155; Winwood Mem., iii. p. 469.)
Diary of Anne Clifford. 2nd July 1617. The 2nd received a letter from Sir George Rivers who sent me word that my Lord (age 28) was setting his land upon his Brother and that the value of the fines I released to my Lord was very great, which did much perplex me.
Diary of Anne Clifford. 2nd July 1619. The 2nd my Lord (age 30) and Sir Henry Vane (age 30) played at bowls. This night my Lady Margaret (age 5) was 5 years old so as my Lord caused her health to be drank throughout the house.
On 2nd July 1629 Elizabeth Cromwell was born to Oliver Cromwell (age 30) and Elizabeth Bourchier (age 31). She married 13th January 1646 John Claypole.
On 2nd July 1644 the Battle of Marston Moor was fought near Tockwith [Map] in Yorkshire. Alexander Seton aka Montgomerie 6th Earl Eglinton (age 56) fought for the Royal army. Lionel Carey (age 22) was killed. John Hay 1st Marquess Tweeddale (age 18) fought for the Parliamentary army.
At the Battle of Marston Moor Lucas (age 31) swept Fairfax's Yorkshire horse before him, but later in the day he was taken prisoner, in a battle won decisively by Parliament.
John Dolben (age 19) fought for the Royalists.
William Eure was killed.
Philip Musgrave 2nd Baronet (age 37) fought for the Royalists.
John Fenwick (age 42) was killed.
On 2nd July 1648 Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor (age 39) and Maria Leopoldine Habsburg Spain Queen Consort Bohemia (age 16) were married at Linz. She by marriage Queen Consort Bohemia. The difference in their ages was 23 years. He the son of Ferdinand of Spain II Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Anna Wittelsbach Holy Roman Empress. They were first cousins.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1649. I went from Wotton, Surrey [Map] to Godstone, Surrey (the residence of Sir John Evelyn (age 58)), where was also Sir John Evelyn of Wilts. (age 47), when I took leave of both Sir Johns and their ladies. Mem. the prodigious memory of Sir John of Wilts' daughter, since married to Mr. W. Pierrepont [Note. Mr R Pierrepoint], and mother of the present Earl of Kingston. I returned to Sayes Court, Deptford [Map] this night.
In July 1660 King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 30) rewarded those who supported his Restoration...
2nd. Maurice Berkeley 3rd Viscount Fitzhardinge (age 32) was created 1st Baronet Berkeley of Bruton in Somerset. Anne Lee Viscountess Fitzhardinge (age 37) by marriage Lady Berkeley of Bruton in Somerset.
4th. Thomas Myddelton 1st Baronet (age 35) was created 1st Baronet Myddelton of Chirk Castle.
6th. Varney Noel 1st Baronet was created 1st Baronet Noel.
7th. George Monck 1st Duke Albemarle (age 51) was created 1st Duke Albemarle, 1st Earl Torrington in Devon. Anne Clarges Duchess Albermarle (age 41) by marriage Duchess Albemarle.
12th. Robert Hales 1st Baronet (age 50) was created 1st Baronet Hales of Beakesbourne in Kent.
12th. Edward Montagu 1st Earl Sandwich (age 34) was created 1st Earl Sandwich. Jemima Crew Countess Sandwich (age 35) by marriage Countess Sandwich.
14th. Elizabeth Feilding Countess Guildford was created 1st Countess Guildford by King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. The peerage for life.
18th. Samuel Morland 1st Baronet (age 35) was created 1st Baronet Morland of Sulhamstead Banister. Susanne de Milleville Lady Morland by marriage Lady Morland of Sulhamstead Banister.
23rd. Henry Vernon 1st Baronet (age 55) was created 1st Baronet Vernon of Hodnet in Shropshire.
23rd. John Aubrey 1st Baronet (age 54) was created 1st Baronet Aubrey of Llantrithyd in Glamorganshire.
On 2nd July 1660 Samuel Crew died of spotted fever.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1661. Home, and after my singing master had done, took coach and went to Sir William Davenant's (age 55) Opera; this being the fourth day that it hath begun, and the first that I have seen it. To-day was acted the second part of "The Siege of Rhodes". We staid a very great while for the King and the Queen of Bohemia (age 64). And by the breaking of a board over our heads, we had a great deal of dust fell into the ladies' necks and the men's hair, which made good sport. The King being come, the scene opened; which indeed is very fine and magnificent, and well acted, all but the Eunuch, who was so much out that he was hissed off the stage. Home and wrote letters to my Lord at sea, and so to bed.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1662. So Mr. Coventry (age 34) to London, and Pett and I to the Pay, where Sir Williams both were paying off The Royal James still, and so to dinner, and to the Pay again, where I did relieve several of my Lord Sandwich's (age 36) people, but was sorry to see them so peremptory, and at every word would, complain to my Lord, as if they shall have such a command over my Lord.
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1662. We hunted and killed a buck in the park, Mr. Howard (age 33) inviting most of the gentlemen of the country near him.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1663. Walking in the garden this evening with Sir G. Carteret (age 53) and Sir J. Minnes (age 64), Sir G. Carteret told us with great contempt how like a stage-player my Lord Digby (age 50) spoke yesterday, pointing to his head as my Lord did, and saying, "First, for his head", says Sir G. Carteret, "I know what a calf's head would have done better by half for his heart and his sword, I have nothing to say to them". He told us that for certain his head cost the late King his, for it was he that broke off the treaty at Uxbridge. He told us also how great a man he was raised from a private gentleman in France by Monsieur Grandmont1, and afterwards by the Cardinall, [Mazarin] who raised him to be a Lieutenant-generall, and then higher; and entrusted by the Cardinall, when he was banished out of France, with great matters, and recommended by him to the Queen (age 61) as a man to be trusted and ruled by: yet when he came to have some power over the Queen, he begun to dissuade her from her opinion of the Cardinal; which she said nothing to till the Cardinal was returned, and then she told him of it; who told my Lord Digby, "Eh bien, Monsieur, vous estes un fort bon amy donc2" but presently put him out of all; and then he was, from a certainty of coming in two or three years' time to be Mareschall of France (to which all strangers, even Protestants, and those as often as French themselves, are capable of coming, though it be one of the greatest places in France), he was driven to go out of France into Flanders; but there was not trusted, nor received any kindness from the Prince of Conde (age 41), as one to whom also he had been false, as he had been to the Cardinal and Grandmont. In fine, he told us how he is a man of excellent parts, but of no great faith nor judgment, and one very easy to get up to great height of preferment, but never able to hold it.
Note 1. Antoine, Duc de Gramont, marshal of France, who died July 12th, 1678, aged seventy-four. His memoirs have been published.
Note 2. Ah well sir, you are a very good friend, therefore.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1666. Thence home and to the Tower to see the men from Bridewell [Map] shipped. Being rid of him I home to dinner, and thence to the Excise office by appointment to meet my Lord Bellasses (age 52) and the Commissioners, which we did and soon dispatched, and so I home, and there was called by Pegg Pen (age 15) to her house, where her father (age 45) and mother (age 42), and Mrs. Norton, the second Roxalana (age 24), a fine woman, indifferent handsome, good body and hand, and good mine, and pretends to sing, but do it not excellently. However I took pleasure there, and my wife was sent for, and Creed come in to us, and so there we spent the most of the afternoon.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 2nd July 1667. At noon home to dinner, and after dinner my wife and Jane (mighty fine the girle) to go to see Jane's old mistress, who was to see her, and did see my wife the other day, and it is pleasant to hear with what kindness her old mistress speaks of this girle, and how she would still have her, and how the wench cried when she told her that she must come to her old mistress my wife. They gone, I to my chamber, and there dallied a little with my maid Nell.... [Missing text 'to touch her thing, but nothing more'] and so to the office where busy till night, and then comes Mrs. Turner (age 44), and walks with me in the garden to talk with me about her husband's business, and to tell me how she hears at the other end of the town how bad our office is spoken of by the King (age 37) and Prince (age 47) and Duke of Albemarle (age 58), and that there is not a good word said of any of us but of me; and me they all do speak mightily of, which, whether true or no, I am mighty glad to hear, but from all put together that I hear from other people, I am likely to pass as well as anybody. So, she gone, comes my wife and to walk in the garden, Sir J. Minnes (age 68) being still ill and so keeping us from singing, and by and by Sir W. Pen (age 46) come and walked with us and gave us a bottle of Syder, and so we home to supper and to bed. This day I am told that poor Tooker is dead, a very painfull poor man as ever I knew.
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1667. Called upon my Lord Arlington (age 49), as from his Majesty (age 37), about the new fuel. The occasion why I was mentioned, was from what I said in my Sylva three years before, about a sort of fuel for a need, which obstructed a patent of Lord Carlingford (age 64), who had been seeking for it himself; he was endeavoring to bring me into the project, and proffered me a share. I met my Lord; and, on the 9th, by an order of Council, went to my Lord Mayor, to be assisting. In the meantime they had made an experiment of my receipt of houllies, which I mention in my book to be made at Maestricht, with a mixture of charcoal dust and loam, and which was tried with success at Gresham College (then being the exchange for the meeting of the merchants since the fire) for everybody to see. This done, I went to the Treasury for £12,000 for the sick and wounded yet on my hands.
Next day, we met again about the fuel at Sir J. Armourer's in the Mews.
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1684. I went to the Observatory at Greenewich, where Mr. Flamsted (age 37) tooke his observations of the Eclipse of the Sun, now almost three parts obscured. There had been an excessive hot and dry Spring, and such a drought still continu'd as never was in my memorie.
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd July 1685. No considerable account of the troops sent against the Duke (age 36), tho' greate forces sent. There was a smart skirmish, but he would not be provok'd to come to an encounter, but still kept in the fastnesses. Dangerfield (deceased) whipp'd, like Oates (age 35), for perjurie.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 23rd July 1694 Charles Middleton 2nd Earl Middleton (age 44) was tried, in absentia, for treason and outlawed. He was attainted on 2nd July 1695. Earl Middleton forfeit.
On 2nd July 1704 John Mordaunt (age 23) fought at Donauwörth during the Battle of Schellenberg.
On 2nd July 1709 Philip Bourbon was born to Philippe V King Spain (age 25) and Maria Luisa Savoy (age 20). He a great x 2 grandson of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. Coefficient of inbreeding 5.82%. He died aged less than one years old.
On 2nd July 1738 Robert Bankes Jenkinson 4th Baronet (age 51) died of consumption. His son Robert (age 17) succeeded 5th Baronet Jenkinson of Walcot in Oxfordshire and of Hawkesbury in Gloucestershire.
On 2nd July 1742 Robert Petre 8th Baron Petre (age 29) died of smallpox at Ingatestone Hall, Essex. His son Robert succeeded 9th Baron Petre.
The Journal of the Reverend John Wesley 1745. 2nd July 1745. I preached in the evening at St. Just. I observed not only several gentlemen there, who I suppose never came before, but a large body oftinuers, who stood at a distance from the rest; and a great multitude of men, women, and children,beside, who seemed not well to know why they came. Almost as soon as we had done singing, a kind of gentlewoman began. I have seldom seen a poor creature take so much pains. Shes colded, and screamed, and spit, and stamped, and wrung her hands, and distorted her face and body all manner of ways. I took no notice of her at all, good or bad; nor did almost any one else. After wards I heardshewas one thathad beenbredaPapist; andwhen she heard we were so, rejoiced greatly. No wonder she should be proportionably angry,when she was disappointed of her hope.
Mr. Eustick, a neighbouring gentleman, came, just as I was concluding my sermon. The people opening to the right and left, he came up to me, and said, "Sir, I have a warrant from Dr. Borlase (age 49), and youmust go with me." Then turning round, he said, "Sir, are you Mr. Shepherd? If so, you are mentioned in the warrant too. "Be pleased, Sir, to come with me." We walked with him to a public-house, near the end of the town. Here he asked me, if I was willing to go with him to the Doctor. I told him, just then, if be pleased. "Sir," said he, "I must wait upon you to your inn; and in the morning, if you will be so good as to go with me, I will show you the way." So he handed me back to my inn, and retired.
On 2nd July 1747 Edward Dillon was killed at Lauffeld during the Battle of Lauffeld.
On 2nd July 1764 Hugh Percy 2nd Duke Northumberland (age 21) and Anne Stuart (age 19) were married. She the daughter of John Stuart 3rd Earl Bute (age 51) and Mary Wortley-Montagu Countess Bute (age 46). He the son of Hugh Percy 1st Duke Northumberland (age 48) and Elizabeth Seymour Duchess Northumberland (age 47). They were fourth cousin once removed.
On 2nd July 1775 Bernard Granville (age 76) died without issue at Calwich, Staffordshire. He was buried at St Peter's Church, Ellastone. His nephew Reverend John D'Ewes aka Granville (age 31) inherited Calwich Abbey, Staffordshire [Map] and changed his surname from D'Ewes to Granville.
Bernard Granville: On or before 25th April 1699, the date he was baptised, he was born to Bernard Granvile. Before 1775 Bernard Granville purchased Calwich Abbey, Staffordshire [Map] from Thomas Fleetwood 6th Baronet. He demolished the priory house and built a new house nearer the stream which he turned into a lake.
Reverend John D'Ewes aka Granville: In 1744 he was born to John D'Ewes and Anne Granville. In 1779 Reverend John D'Ewes aka Granville and Harriet de la Bere were married.
On 2nd July 1797 Maria II Queen Portugal was born to Ferenc József Prince Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya (age 29). She married 1836 Ferdinand Saxe Coburg Gotha King Consort Portugal and had issue.
St Albans Cathedral [Map]. Ledger stone of Penelope Evans died 28th November 1778, her daughter Mary Husseydied 2nd July 1789, William Hussey died 28th January 1800 and William Wildman died 3rd September 1823.
Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 2d of July, 1845, a barrow was opened, situated about midway between Wetton and Ham, Staffordshire, at about a distance of two hundred yards to the left of the road. This tumulus is near twenty yards in diameter at the base, its height could not accurately be ascertained, as a considerable portion of the summit had been removed for agricultural purposes, by which means two interments (the remains of which were on this occasion noticed) had been destroyed: one was that of an adult, the other a child, whose under jaw remained entire; amongst these debris were three instruments of flint, of no great interest; some fragments of an ornamented urn, and an iron pin, similar to the awl used by the saddlers of the nineteenth century. (One precisely similar found in a barrow on Middleton Moor, 1824.) This bespeaks one of the interments of a much later date than the primary one, which was discovered in a cist cut in the rock, at a depth of seven feet from the summit of the mound: it was doubtless an interment of a very remote age, not being accompanied by ornaments, or even the rude flint weapons of the hunter, to which profession it is highly probable the deceased belonged, as an interesting discovery was made of the skeleton of a dog, which lay at the feet of the skeleton of his former master, whose knees were drawn up according to the most primitive usage. This circumstance may claim an excuse for the introduction of the following lines, which are singularly appropriate, as man in a savage state, whether a native of one hemisphere or the other, is actuated by the same impulses, and is influenced by similar superstitions:
"Lo I the poor Indian, whose untutor'd mind Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind; His soul proud Science never taught to stray Far as the solar walk or Milky Way: Yet simple Nature to his hope has given Beyond the cloud-topp'd hill a humbler heaven, - Some safer world, in depths of woods unbraced, - Some happier island, in the watery waste. Where slaves once more their native land behold, No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold; But thinks, admitted to that equal sky. His faithful dog shall bear him company".
Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'
This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.
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On 2nd July 1848 Henrietta Cole Countess de Grey (age 64) died at 4 St James' Square. Monument at the De Grey Mausoleum, St John the Baptist Church, Flitton [Map] sculpted by Terence Farrell.
Henrietta Cole Countess de Grey: On 22nd June 1784 she was born to William Willoughby Cole 1st Earl Enniskillen and Anne Lowry-Corry Countess Enniskillen. On 20th July 1805 Thomas de Grey 2nd Earl de Grey and she were married. She the daughter of William Willoughby Cole 1st Earl Enniskillen and Anne Lowry-Corry Countess Enniskillen.
Ten Years' Digging. Lady Low [Map], near Blore, a bowl-shaped tumulus, 21 yards across and four feet high in the middle, was opened on the 2nd of July by carrying a trench six feet wide through the centre, without finding the interment, a few flints and some charcoal being the result of our labour.
Ten Years' Digging. On the 2nd of July, we excavated the site of a barrow, most of which had been removed, on a hill near Buxton, not far from Stakor Hill. The mound had been so completely demolished, as to render it doubtful where it would be most proper to begin, and on digging in the most elevated part, we found the rock at the depth of a foot. This caused us to try in a place no higher than the level of the field, when immediately under the clods we perceived fragments of a human bone, and a little deeper a human skeleton, lying on its right side, with the knees contracted, and the head to the south. It had been deposited in a rude cist, walled round by a single course of large stones, and close to the left hip were two neatly sharpened darts of bone; near the legs was a deposit of calcined human bones, accompanied by a round-ended flint also burnt, and a little beyond them, and consequently further from the skeleton, were the unburnt remains of another individual, which had been slightly disturbed: two instruments of flint, and the lower mandible of a hawk, were found between the two, supplying the third instance in which we have observed the remains of this bird in tumuli. These interments removed, we arrived at the edge of an irregular grave, cut about a yard deep in rock, but rather lower at the south end, filled with clayey earth and small stones, amongst which we first found some bones of a child. Lower down was a female skeleton lying on the right side, with the head close to the south-east end of the grave, and the knees drawn up to accommodate the body to the limits of the excavation, which measured 3 feet by 2. Between the head and the knees was a broken drinking-cup of ruder work-manship than usual, lying on its side, with the mouth towards the latter; and a neat javelin-head of flint was found in throwing the earth out of the grave, so that its position was not ascertained. Both mastoid bones were dyed green, from contact with two small pieces of thin bronze, bent in the middle, just sufficiently to clasp the edge or lobe of the ear. There were many rats' bones in the grave. Ihis is probably the oldest interment we have found in which metal has been present - the very small quantity possessed, its application to the purpose of adornment, viewed in connection with the fact of the later interments above being accompanied by weapons of bone and flint only, bear out this opinion.
St Katherine's Church, Rowsley [Map]. Memorial stone in the churchyard to the five men who died during the Haddon Tunnel Collapse.
On 2nd July 1861, a partially built 36-foot length of arch in the northern section collapsed while waiting to be keyed with additional stonework. The arch, supported by eight ribs, each fitted with props at both ends and another in the middle, steadied by three rakers held the arch in place but it collapsed without warning, burying several workers. Rescue efforts commenced immediately and the victims were extracted within two hours. Five workers were killed, four outright and another that died the following day.
St Michael's Church, Sutton-on-the-Hill [Map]. Stained glass window in memory of Eileen Margaret Buckston commissioned by her daughter.
St Michael's Church, Sutton-on-the-Hill [Map]. Stained glass window in memory of Eileen Margaret Buckston, widow of the Reverend Garmin Buckston, who died 2nd July 1866 aged 71.
The London Gazette 25486. Whitehall, July 2, 1885. The Queen (age 66) has been pleased to direct Letters Patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting the dignities of a Viscount and an Earl of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland unto the Right Honourable Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (age 66), Bart, GCB, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, by the names, styles, and titles of Viscount Saint Gyres, of Newton Saint Gyres, in the county of Devon, and Earl of Iddesleigh, in the said county.
2nd July 1897. Henry Bullingham (age 45). Photograph of Adele Beach Grant Countess Essex (age 30) at the Devonshire House Ball as Bernice Queen of Palestine.
2nd July 1897. Henry Bullingham (age 45). Photograph of Rachel Anne Gurney Countess Dudley (age 29) at the Devonshire House Ball as Queen Esther.
2nd July 1897. Henry Bullingham (age 45). Photograph of Helena Gleichen (age 24) at the Devonshire House Ball as Joan of Arc.
Helena Gleichen: On 1st February 1873 she was born to Prince Victor of Hohenlohe Langenburg Count Gleichen and Princess Laura Williamina Seymour. On 28th January 1947 she died.
2nd July 1897. Henry Bullingham (age 45). Photograph of Mary Venetia Cavendish-Bentinck (age 36) at the Devonshire House Ball as Elizabeth Cavendish daughter of Bess of Hardwick.
2nd July 1897. Henry Bullingham (age 45). Photograph of Evelyn Henrietta Leigh Baroness Alington at the Devonshire House Ball as Duchesse de Nevers, Dame de la Cour de S.M. Marguérite de Valois.
Evelyn Henrietta Leigh Baroness Alington: she was born to Henry Blundell Leigh. On 10th February 1892 Henry Gerard Sturt 1st Baron Alington and she were married. She by marriage Baroness Alington. On 23rd January 1939 she died.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 2nd July 1903 Olav Glücksburg V King Norway was born to Haakon VII King Norway (age 30) and Maud Windsor Queen Consort Norway (age 33). He a grandson of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.91%.
On 2nd July 1908 Henry Arthur Cadogan (age 40) died of cancer at Temple House, Theobalds Park.
On 2nd July 1914 John Benjamin Stone (age 76) died at his home, The Grange, Erdington. His wife Jane Parker (age 65) died three days later on 5th July 1914. They were buried together on 7th July 1914 at Holy Trinity Church, Sutton Coldfield [Map].
On 2nd July 1915 Arthur Valerian Wellesley 8th Duke Wellington was born to Gerald Wellesley 7th Duke Wellington (age 29) and Dorothy Violet Ashton Duchess Wellington (age 25). He married 28th January 1944 Diana McConnel Duchess of Wellington.
The London Gazette 30161. At the Court at BucKingham, Palace, the 2nd day of July, 1917.
Present, The King'S Most Excellent Majesty in Council.
This day The Right Honourable Arthur William de Brito Savile (age 47), Earl of Liverpool, G.C.M.G., M.V.O., Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of New Zealand, was, by His Majesty's command, appointed a Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
Almeric FitzRoy
On 2nd July 1489 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer was born at Aslockton, Nottinghamshire. He married July 1532 Margaret m Cranmer.
On 2nd July 1492 Elizabeth Tudor was born to King Henry VII of England and Ireland (age 35) and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England (age 26). She died aged three in 1495.
On 2nd July 1549 Edward Manners 3rd Earl of Rutland was born to Henry Manners 2nd Earl of Rutland (age 22) and Margaret Neville Countess Rutland. He married 6th June 1573 Isabel Holcroft Countess Rutland and had issue.
On 2nd July 1575 Elizabeth Vere Countess Derby was born to Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford (age 25) and Anne Cecil Countess of Oxford (age 18) at Theobalds House, Hertfordshire. She married 26th January 1595 her fifth cousin William Stanley 6th Earl of Derby, son of Henry Stanley 4th Earl of Derby and Margaret Clifford Countess Derby, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1610 Francis Browne 3rd Viscount Montagu was born to Anthony Maria Browne 2nd Viscount Montagu (age 36) and Jane Sackville Viscountess Montague (age 37). He married 6th July 1637 his fourth cousin Elizabeth Somerset Viscountess Montague, daughter of Henry Somerset 1st Marquess Worcester and Anne Russell Countess Worcester, and had issue.
This is a translation of the 'Memoires of Jacques du Clercq', published in 1823 in two volumes, edited by Frederic, Baron de Reissenberg. In his introduction Reissenberg writes: 'Jacques du Clercq tells us that he was born in 1424, and that he was a licentiate in law and a counsellor to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in the castellany of Douai, Lille, and Orchies. It appears that he established his residence at Arras. In 1446, he married the daughter of Baldwin de la Lacherie, a gentleman who lived in Lille. We read in the fifth book of his Memoirs that his father, also named Jacques du Clercq, had married a lady of the Le Camelin family, from Compiègne. His ancestors, always attached to the counts of Flanders, had constantly served them, whether in their councils or in their armies.' The Memoires cover a period of nineteen years beginning in in 1448, ending in in 1467. It appears that the author had intended to extend the Memoirs beyond that date; no doubt illness or death prevented him from carrying out this plan. As Reissenberg writes the 'merit of this work lies in the simplicity of its narrative, in its tone of good faith, and in a certain air of frankness which naturally wins the reader’s confidence.' Du Clercq ranges from events of national and international importance, including events of the Wars of the Roses in England, to simple, everyday local events such as marriages, robberies, murders, trials and deaths, including that of his own father in Book 5; one of his last entries.
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On 2nd July 1614 Margaret Sackville Countess Isle Thanet was born to Richard Sackville 3rd Earl Dorset (age 25) and Anne Clifford Countess Dorset and Pembroke (age 24). She married 21st April 1629 her fifth cousin once removed John Tufton 2nd Earl of Thanet, son of Nicholas Tufton 1st Earl of Thanet and Frances Cecil Countess Isle Thanet, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1629 Elizabeth Cromwell was born to Oliver Cromwell (age 30) and Elizabeth Bourchier (age 31). She married 13th January 1646 John Claypole.
On 2nd July 1647 Daniel Finch 2nd Earl Nottingham 7th Earl Winchilsea was born to Heneage Finch 1st Earl Nottingham (age 25) and Elizabeth Harvey Baroness Finch (age 20). He married (1) 16th June 1674 Essex Rich Countess Nottingham, daughter of Robert Rich 3rd Earl Warwick and Anne Cheeke Countess Warwick, and had issue (2) 29th December 1685 Anne Hatton Countess Nottingham and Winchelsea, daughter of Christopher Hatton 1st Viscount Hatton and Cicely Tufton Viscountess Hatton, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1677 Christian Hesse-Kassel was born to Charles I Landgrave Hesse-Kassel (age 22) and Maria Amalia of Courland Landgravine Hesse-Kassel (age 24). Coefficient of inbreeding 6.66%. He died aged less than one years old.
On 2nd July 1695 Orlando Bridgeman 4th Baronet was born to John Bridgeman 3rd Baronet (age 27) at Blodwell, Shropshire. He married 9th April 1719 Anne Newport Lady Bridgeman, daughter of Richard Newport 2nd Earl Bradford and Mary Wilbraham Countess Bradford, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1701 Selina Shirley was born to Robert Shirley 1st Earl Ferrers (age 50) and Selina Finch Countess Ferrers (age 20). She married 24th October 1720 Peter Bathurst and had issue.
On 2nd July 1709 Philip Bourbon was born to Philippe V King Spain (age 25) and Maria Luisa Savoy (age 20). He a great x 2 grandson of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. Coefficient of inbreeding 5.82%. He died aged less than one years old.
On 2nd July 1745 Louisa Tollemache 7th Countess Dysart was born to Lionel Tollemache 4th Earl Dysart (age 37) and Grace Carteret Countess Dysart (age 31). She married 4th September 1765 her fifth cousin once removed John Manners and had issue.
On 2nd July 1768 Sarah Cave 3rd Baroness Braye was born to Thomas Cave 6th Baronet (age 31). She married 25th February 1790 Henry Otway of Castle Otway in Tipperary and had issue.
On 2nd July 1774 Anne Courtenay Countess Mountnorris was born to William Courtenay 8th Earl Devon (age 31) and Frances Clack Countess Devon. She married 3rd September 1790 George Annesley 2nd Earl Mountnorris, son of Arthur Annesley 1st Earl Mountnorris and Lucy Lyttelton Baronet.
On 2nd July 1780 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 3rd Marquess Lansdowne was born to William Petty 1st Marquess Lansdowne (age 43) and Louisa Fitzpatrick Marchioness Lansdowne (age 25). He married 1808 Louisa Emma Fox-Strangways Marchioness of Lansdowne, daughter of Henry Thomas Fox-Strangways 2nd Earl of Ilchester and Mary Theresa O'Grady Countess of Ilchester, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1789 Other Archer Windsor 6th Earl Plymouth was born to Other Windsor 5th Earl Plymouth (age 38) and Sarah Archer Countess Plymouth and Amherst (age 27). Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%. He married 5th August 1811 Mary Sackville Countess Plymouth Amherst, daughter of John Frederick Sackville 3rd Duke Dorset and Arabella Diana Cope 3rd Duchess Dorset.
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 2nd July 1792 Thomas Phillipps 1st Baronet was born to Thomas Phillipps and Hannah Walton. He married 1819 Harriet Molyneux Lady Phillipps, daughter of General Thomas Molyneau 5th Baronet and Elizabeth Perrin Lady Molyneux.
On 2nd July 1795 Brownlow Cecil 2nd Marquess Exeter was born to Henry Cecil 1st Marquess Exeter (age 41) and Sarah Hoggins Countess Exeter (age 21). He married 12th May 1824 Frances Isabella Selina Poyntz Marchioness of Exeter and had issue.
On 2nd July 1797 Maria II Queen Portugal was born to Ferenc József Prince Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya (age 29). She married 1836 Ferdinand Saxe Coburg Gotha King Consort Portugal and had issue.
On 2nd July 1806 Edmund Hayes 3rd Baronet was born to Samuel Hayes 2nd Baronet (age 33) and Elizabeth Lighton. He married 3rd July 1837 Emily Pakenham.
On 2nd July 1815 Thomas William Brograve Proctor-Beauchamp 4th Baronet was born to William Beauchamp-Proctor 3rd Baronet (age 33) and Anne Gregory Lady Beauchamp-Proctor (age 23). He married in or before 1853 Catherine Esther Waldegrave Lady Beauchamp-Proctor, daughter of Vice-Admiral Granville Waldegrave 2nd Baron Radstock, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1825 Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest was born to Charles William Vane 3rd Marquess Londonderry (age 47) and Frances Vane Tempest Marchioness Londonderry (age 25). He married 23rd April 1860 Susan Charlotte Catherine Pelham-Clinton, daughter of Henry Pelham-Clinton 5th Duke Newcastle-under-Lyne and Susan Harriet Catherine Hamilton Duchess Newcastle under Lyne.
On 2nd July 1839 Ralph King-Milbanke 2nd Earl of Lovelace was born to William King Noel 1st Earl Lovelace (age 34) and Augusta Ada Byron Countess Lovelace (age 23) at 10 St James' Square.
On 2nd July 1860 Sydney James O'Bryen Hoare 6th Baronet was born to Joseph Wallis O'Bryen Hoare 5th Baronet (age 31).
On 2nd July 1864 Algernon Henry Grosvenor was born to Robert Grosvenor 1st Baron Ebury (age 63) and Charlotte Arbuthnot Wellesley Baroness Ebury (age 56). He was baptised on 30th July 1846. He married 25th October 1887 Catherine Dorothea Simeon, daughter of John Simeon 3rd Baronet and Catherine Dorothea Colville Lady Simeon.
On 2nd July 1871 Arthur Hill 6th Marquess of Downshire was born to Arthur Hill 5th Marquess Downshire (age 26) and Georgiana Elizabeth Balfour. He married (1) 22nd June 1893 Katherine Mary "Kitty" Hare Marchioness Downshire (2) before 29th May 1918 Evelyn Grace Foster Marchioness Downshire.
On 2nd July 1884 Jack Russell 25th Baron de Clifford was born to Edward Southwell 24th Baron de Clifford (age 29). He married February 1906 Evelyn Chandler aka Eva Carrington Lady de Clifford and had issue.
This is a translation of the 'Memoires of Jacques du Clercq', published in 1823 in two volumes, edited by Frederic, Baron de Reissenberg. In his introduction Reissenberg writes: 'Jacques du Clercq tells us that he was born in 1424, and that he was a licentiate in law and a counsellor to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in the castellany of Douai, Lille, and Orchies. It appears that he established his residence at Arras. In 1446, he married the daughter of Baldwin de la Lacherie, a gentleman who lived in Lille. We read in the fifth book of his Memoirs that his father, also named Jacques du Clercq, had married a lady of the Le Camelin family, from Compiègne. His ancestors, always attached to the counts of Flanders, had constantly served them, whether in their councils or in their armies.' The Memoires cover a period of nineteen years beginning in in 1448, ending in in 1467. It appears that the author had intended to extend the Memoirs beyond that date; no doubt illness or death prevented him from carrying out this plan. As Reissenberg writes the 'merit of this work lies in the simplicity of its narrative, in its tone of good faith, and in a certain air of frankness which naturally wins the reader’s confidence.' Du Clercq ranges from events of national and international importance, including events of the Wars of the Roses in England, to simple, everyday local events such as marriages, robberies, murders, trials and deaths, including that of his own father in Book 5; one of his last entries.
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On 2nd July 1889 Geraldine Bryde Dinah Tennant Lady Colquhoun was born to Francis John "Frank" Tennant (age 27) and Annie Geraldine Redmayne (age 25). She married 10th February 1915 Iain Colquhoun 7th Baronet and had issue.
On 2nd July 1899 Donald Arthur Gordon Bannerman 13th Baronet was born to Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman 12th Baronet (age 33).
On 2nd July 1903 Olav Glücksburg V King Norway was born to Haakon VII King Norway (age 30) and Maud Windsor Queen Consort Norway (age 33). He a grandson of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.91%.
On 2nd July 1906 Mathew Martin Wilson 5th Baronet was born to Mathew Richard Henry Wilson 4th Baronet (age 30) and Barbrara Lister (age 26).
On 2nd July 1912 Diana Claudia Carleton Countess of Malmesbury was born to Dudley Pigott aka Carleton 2nd Baron Dorchester (age 36). She married 7th July 1932 William James Harris 6th Earl Malmesbury, son of James Edward Harris 5th Earl Malmesbury and Dorothy Gough-Calthorpe Countess of Malmesbury, and had issue.
On 2nd July 1915 Arthur Valerian Wellesley 8th Duke Wellington was born to Gerald Wellesley 7th Duke Wellington (age 29) and Dorothy Violet Ashton Duchess Wellington (age 25). He married 28th January 1944 Diana McConnel Duchess of Wellington.
On 2nd July 1959 Richard Denison 9th Baron Londesborough was born to John Denison 8th Baron Londesborough (age 58).
On 2nd July 1966 Edward Nicholas Tate was born to Henry Saxon Tate 5th Baronet (age 34).
On 2nd July 1968 Dominic James Constable Maxwell-Scott 14th Baronet was born to Michael Fergus Constable Maxwell-Scott 13th Baronet (age 46).
On 2nd July 1445 Arthur Montfort III Duke Brittany (age 51) and Catherine Luxemburg were married. She the daughter of Peter Luxemburg I Count Saint Pol and Margherita Baux (age 51). He the son of John Montfort V Duke Brittany and Joanna of Navarre Queen Consort England. They were third cousin twice removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.
On 2nd July 1466 François Valois Duke Longueville (age 19) and Agnès de Savoy Duchess Longueville were married. She by marriage Queen Consort of France. He the son of Jean "Bastard of Orléans" Valois Count Dunois Count Longueville (age 63) and Marie Harcourt.
On 2nd July 1536 three weddings between the Neville, and Manners and Vere families, were celebrated at one mass at Holywell Priory [Map]:
Henry Neville 5th Earl of Westmoreland (age 11) and Anne Manners Countess of Westmoreland (age 9) were married. She the daughter of Thomas Manners 1st Earl of Rutland (age 44) and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland (age 41). He the son of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland (age 38) and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland (age 37). They were half fourth cousins. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Henry Manners 2nd Earl of Rutland (age 9) and Margaret Neville Countess Rutland were married. She the daughter of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland. He the son of Thomas Manners 1st Earl of Rutland and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland. They were half fourth cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward III of England.
John de Vere 16th Earl of Oxford (age 20) and Dorothy Neville Countess of Oxford were married. She the daughter of Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland and Katherine Stafford Countess of Westmoreland. He the son of John de Vere 15th Earl of Oxford (age 65) and Elizabeth Trussell Countess of Oxford.
Those present included Thomas Audley 1st Baron Audley Walden (age 48), Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (age 63), Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (age 52), Henry Grey 1st Duke of Suffolk (age 19), Henry Courtenay 1st Marquess Exeter (age 40), John de Vere 15th Earl of Oxford and Ralph Neville 4th Earl of Westmoreland.
On 2nd July 1616 Thomas Puckering 1st Baronet (age 24) and Elizabeth Morley Lady Puckering were married at St Bartholomew the Less. She by marriage Lady Puckering of Weston in Hertfordshire.
On 2nd July 1648 Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor (age 39) and Maria Leopoldine Habsburg Spain Queen Consort Bohemia (age 16) were married at Linz. She by marriage Queen Consort Bohemia. The difference in their ages was 23 years. He the son of Ferdinand of Spain II Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Anna Wittelsbach Holy Roman Empress. They were first cousins.
On 2nd July 1668 Samuel Tuke 1st Baronet (age 53) and Mary Sheldon were married.
On 2nd July 1741 Henry Gough 1st Baronet (age 33) and Barbara Calthorpe Lady Gough (age 25) were married. Barbara Calthorpe Lady Gough by marriage Lady Gough-Calthorpe of Edgbaston in Warwickshire.
On 2nd July 1748 John Bateman 2nd Viscount Culmore (age 27) and Elizabeth Sambroke Viscountess Bateman (age 23) were married.
On 2nd July 1749 Thomas Gerard 8th Baronet (age 26) and Mary Clare Tasbrough Lady Gerard (age 24) were married. She by marriage Lady Gerard of Bryn in Lancashire. They had three daughters Elizabeth, Catherine, and Mary.
On 2nd July 1757 Bennet Sherard 3rd Earl Harborough (age 47) and Frances Noel Countess Harborough (age 17) were married at St George's Church, Bloomsbury. She by marriage Countess Harborough. The difference in their ages was 30 years. He the son of Philip Sherard 2nd Earl Harborough and Anne Pedley Countess Harborough.
On 2nd July 1764 Hugh Percy 2nd Duke Northumberland (age 21) and Anne Stuart (age 19) were married. She the daughter of John Stuart 3rd Earl Bute (age 51) and Mary Wortley-Montagu Countess Bute (age 46). He the son of Hugh Percy 1st Duke Northumberland (age 48) and Elizabeth Seymour Duchess Northumberland (age 47). They were fourth cousin once removed.
On 2nd July 1784 George Fitzroy 2nd Baron Southampton (age 22) and Laura Keppel Baroness Southampton (age 19) were married. She by marriage Baroness Southampton. She the daughter of Bishop Frederick Keppel and Laura Walpole. They were half third cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
Annals of the six Kings of England by Nicholas Trivet
Translation of the Annals of the Six Kings of England by that traces the rise and rule of the Angevin aka Plantagenet dynasty from the mid-12th to early 14th century. Written by the Dominican scholar Nicholas Trivet, the work offers a vivid account of English history from the reign of King Stephen through to the death of King Edward I, blending political narrative with moral reflection. Covering the reigns of six monarchs—from Stephen to Edward I—the chronicle explores royal authority, rebellion, war, and the shifting balance between crown, church, and nobility. Trivet provides detailed insight into defining moments such as baronial conflicts, Anglo-French rivalry, and the consolidation of royal power under Edward I, whose reign he describes with particular immediacy. The Annals combines careful year-by-year reporting with thoughtful interpretation, presenting history not merely as a sequence of events but as a moral and political lesson. Ideal for readers interested in medieval history, kingship, and the origins of the English state, this chronicle remains a valuable and accessible window into the turbulent world of the Plantagenet kings.
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On 2nd July 1888 Robert Chalmers 1st Baron Chalmers (age 29) and Maud Mary Piggott were married at St Mary's Church, Charing Cross.
On 2nd July 1892 Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Annesley 5th Earl Annesley (age 61) and Priscilla Cecilia Moore Countess Annesley were married at St Marylebone Church. She by marriage Countess Annesley of Castlewellan in County Down. He the son of William Richard Annesley 3rd Earl Annesley and Priscilla Cecilia Moore. They were first cousins.
On 2nd July 1904 Randall McDonnell 7th Earl of Antrim (age 25) and Margaret Isabel Talbot Countess of Antrim were married. He the son of William Randall McDonnell 6th Earl of Antrim (age 53) and Louisa Grey Countess of Antrim (age 49).
On 2nd July 863 Bishop Swithun died.
On 2nd July 866 Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine (age 46) and Robert "Strong" (age 36) were killed fighting the joint Breton-Viking army at the Battle of Brissarthe at Brissarthe.
On 2nd July 936 Henry "Fowler" I King East Francia (age 60) died. His son Otto (age 23) succeeded I King Germany, I Duke Saxony. Eadgyth Wessex Queen Consort Germany by marriage Queen Consort Germany.
On 2nd July 1226 Waleran Luxemburg III Duke Limburg (age 61) died. His son Henry (age 31) succeeded IV Duke Limburg, I Count Berg.
On 2nd July 1347 Margaret aka Joan Dacre Baroness Harington (age 64) died at Aldingham Furness, Lancashire.
On 2nd July 1438 Ernest Wittelsbach I Duke Bavaria (age 65) died at Munich. His son Albert (age 37) succeeded III Duke Bavaria.
On 22nd July 1484 William Douglas 4th Lord Drumlanrig was killed during the Battle of Lochmaben Fair. Note. Some sources report this as the Battle of Kirtie on 2nd July 1484?
James Douglas 9th Earl Douglas 3rd Earl Avondale (age 58) was captured.
On 2nd July 1536 John Stewart 2nd Duke Albany (age 52) died.
On 2nd July 1644 the Battle of Marston Moor was fought near Tockwith [Map] in Yorkshire. Alexander Seton aka Montgomerie 6th Earl Eglinton (age 56) fought for the Royal army. Lionel Carey (age 22) was killed. John Hay 1st Marquess Tweeddale (age 18) fought for the Parliamentary army.
At the Battle of Marston Moor Lucas (age 31) swept Fairfax's Yorkshire horse before him, but later in the day he was taken prisoner, in a battle won decisively by Parliament.
John Dolben (age 19) fought for the Royalists.
William Eure was killed.
Philip Musgrave 2nd Baronet (age 37) fought for the Royalists.
John Fenwick (age 42) was killed.
On 2nd July 1654 Thomas Gage 2nd Baronet (age 57) died. His son Thomas (age 17) succeeded 3rd Baronet Gage of Firley in Sussex.
On 2nd July 1656 Edward Tyrrell 1st Baronet (age 83) died. His son Robert (age 40) succeeded 2nd Baronet Tyrrell of Thornton in Buckinghamshire. His son Toby (age 38) succeeded 2nd Baronet Tyrrell of Thornton in Buckinghamshire.
On 2nd July 1661 Penelope Darcy Lady Gage (age 68) died at Firle, East Sussex.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 2nd July 1671 John Lucas 1st Baron Lucas Shenfield (age 64) died. His nephew Charles (age 40) succeeded 2nd Baron Lucas of Shenfield although technically illegitimate his parents had married after his birth.
On 2nd July 1675 William Ker 2nd Earl Roxburghe (age 52) died. His son Robert (age 17) succeeded 3rd Earl Roxburghe.
On 2nd July 1700 Thomas Grosvenor 3rd Baronet (age 43) died. His son Richard (age 11) succeeded 4th Baronet Grosvenor of Eaton in Cheshire.
On 2nd July 1710 Anne "Mary" Wroth Countess Suffolk died.
On 2nd July 1723 Edward Nightingale (age 65) died. His son Gamaliel (age 29) de jure 6th Baronet Nightingale of Newport Pond in Essex.
On 2nd July 1728 Charles Dormer 5th Baron Dormer (age 60) died. His son Charles succeeded 6th Baron Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire, 6th Baronet Dormer of Wyng in Buckinghamshire.
On 2nd July 1735 Mary Leigh Lady Hoskyns (age 36) died.
On 2nd July 1738 Robert Bankes Jenkinson 4th Baronet (age 51) died of consumption. His son Robert (age 17) succeeded 5th Baronet Jenkinson of Walcot in Oxfordshire and of Hawkesbury in Gloucestershire.
On 2nd July 1742 Robert Petre 8th Baron Petre (age 29) died of smallpox at Ingatestone Hall, Essex. His son Robert succeeded 9th Baron Petre.
On 2nd July 1743 Spencer Compton 1st Earl Wilmington (age 70) died. Earl Wilmington, Viscount Pevensey and Baron Wilmington of Wilmington in Sussex extinct.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 2nd July 1747 Bishop George Fleming 2nd Baronet (age 80) died. His nephew William succeeded 3rd Baronet Fleming of Rydal in Cumbria.
On 2nd July 1793 Cæsar Hawkins 2nd Baronet died. His brother John (age 11) succeeded 3rd Baronet Hawkins of Kelston in Somerset.
On 2nd July 1793 Thomas Foley 2nd Baron Foley (age 51) died. His son Thomas (age 12) succeeded 3rd Baron Foley of Kidderminster in Worcestershire.
On 2nd July 1800 James Drummond 11th Earl Perth (age 56) died.
On 2nd July 1801 Robert Edward Petre 9th Baron Petre (age 59) died. His son Robert (age 37) succeeded 10th Baron Petre.
On 2nd July 1835 Elizabeth Monckton Lady Smith died.
On 2nd July 1856 Jemima Cornwallis Countess St Germans (age 52) died at Dover Street. She was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery [Map].
On 2nd July 1888 Henry Richard Glyn 3rd Baron Wolverton (age 26) died unmarried. His brother Frederic (age 23) succeeded 4th Baron Wolverton.
On 2nd July 1909 Arthur Cowell-Stepney 2nd Baronet (age 74) died. He was found dead at Yuma Railway Station. Baronet Cowell Stepney of Llanelli in Carmarthenshire extinct.
On 2nd July 1914 John Benjamin Stone (age 76) died at his home, The Grange, Erdington. His wife Jane Parker (age 65) died three days later on 5th July 1914. They were buried together on 7th July 1914 at Holy Trinity Church, Sutton Coldfield [Map].
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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On 2nd July 1948 Almeric Edmund Frederic Rich 5th Baronet (age 89) died. His son Almeric (age 51) succeeded 6th Baronet Rich of Shirley House in Hampshire.
On 2nd July 2006 Maurice Fox-Strangways 9th Earl of Ilchester (age 86) died. His nephew Robin (age 63) succeeded 10th Earl Ilchester, 10th Baron Ilchester and Stavordale of Redlynch in Somerset, 10th Baron Strangways of Woodford in Dorset, 10th Baron Ilchester of Ilchester in Somerset.