Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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16 Sep is in September.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. After, as has been said, victory was obtained over the Scots, some of our earls proceeded, with the king following afterward, up to St Andrews and the town of St John's [Perth], laying waste to everything; and there was not a single Scot who resisted or could even be found. Our forces then passed through the middle of the forest of Selkirk as far as the castle of Ayr, and found it deserted and burned; for when Robert the Bruce the younger heard of the king's approach, he fled before him and set fire to the castle he had held. And although it was the king's intention to then enter Galloway, his plan failed for lack of bread; the ships he expected had not arrived, and for fifteen days there was a severe famine in the camp. They returned instead through the middle of Annandale, and the castle of Lochmaben was surrendered to the king, with life and limb spared for those who had held it. Meanwhile, a certain nobleman, Thomas de Bisset1, came from Ireland, reportedly to assist the Scots. But when he landed on the Isle of Arran and the inhabitants submitted to him, and when he learned from them that our king had gained victory in battle, he sent messengers to the king, saying he had come to aid him instead, and had already secured the Isle of Arran in his name. He asked the king to grant him and his heirs possession of that island in perpetuity. The king accepted his actions and confirmed the petition he had made, without consulting his earls, which caused discontent. When the earls, namely the Earl Marshal and the Earl of Hereford, heard this, they were astonished, because the king had promised not to make any new decisions without their counsel and agreement. When the king was at Carlisle, they requested permission to return home, citing great losses and the exhaustion of men and horses. And so they departed, and the king remained there with many nobles, holding his parliament during the octave of the Blessed Virgin [16th September 1298]. He assigned and granted many lands of the Scottish nobility to his own nobles, counties to earls, and baronies to barons. However, he did not assign Annandale, Galloway, and certain other counties to anyone, apparently to avoid offending the earls who had just departed without receiving any share like their peers. After this, the king returned to Durham, intending to travel south; but upon receiving news that the Scots were gathering again, he turned back and stayed at Tynemouth until nearly Christmas. He held Christmas at Cottingham, near Beverley.
Obtenta, ut dictum est, a Scotis victoria, processerunt aliqui ex comitibus nostris, insequente postmodum rege, usque ad Sanctum Andream et villam Sancti Johannis vastantes omnia; nec erat ex Scotis qui resisteret, vel inveniretur ab eis. Diverteruntque nostri per medium forestæ de Selkyrk usque castellum de Aree, et invenerunt illud vacuum et incensum; audito enim adventu regis, fugit a facie ejus Robertus de Brus junior, et incendit illud castrum quod tenuerat. Cumque fuisset voluntatis regiæ ut tunc Galwaliam ingrederetur, deficiente tamen pane defecit et propositum ejus; non enim venerant naves quas credebat, et per quindecim dies erat in castris fames valida. Reversique sunt per medium Vallis Anandiæ, et redditum est regi castellum de Lochmaban, datis vita et membris hiis qui tenuerunt illud. Interim veniebat ex Hibernia quidam nobilis Thomas scilicet de Byseth, et in auxilium Scotorum ut communiter dicebatur. Qui cum applicuisset in insula de Aree, et se dedissent ei incolæ illius, audissetque ab incolis regem nostrum belli obtinuisse victoriam, misit ad eum nuncios, dicens se venisse in auxilium ejus, et acquisisse jam nomine ipsius eandem insulam de Aree, quam sibi et hæredibus suis ab ipso rege petiit perpetuis temporibus possidendam; acceptavitque rex mittentis factum, et petitionem quam fecerat absque consilio comitum Discontent confirmavit. Quod audientes comites, scilicet marescallus et Herefordensis, admirati sunt, eo quod promiserat se nihil novi facturum absque eorum assensu et consilio. Et cum esset rex apud Carliolum petierunt a rege repatriandi licentiam, allegantes jacturam maximam et fatigationem hominum et equorum, recesseruntque sic; et remansit ibidem rex cum magnatibus plurimis, tenuitque parliamentum suum infra octavas Beatæ Virginis, et assignavit et dedit in spe magnatibus suis terras multas magnatum regni Scotiæ, scilicet comitatus comitibus et baronias baronibus; Vallem tamen Anandiæ nec Galwaliam, et quosdam comitatus nemini assignavit: sed, ut dicitur, ex causa distulit ne excandescerent comites qui paulo ante recesserant nec and returns sortiti sunt partem inter pares suos. Quo facto, reversus est rex usque Dunolmum, volens iter suum dirigere ad partes australes; sed accepto nuncio quod coadunarent se Scoti, reversus est, et fere usque Natale moratus apud Tinemowe. Natale vero tenuit apud Cothingham juxta Beverlacum.
Note 1. Thomas de Bisset, alias Misset. His lands were near Claneboy and the Dufferin in Ulster.
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On 16th September 1343 Philip "Noble" III King Navarre (age 37) died. His son Charles (age 10) succeeded II King Navarre.
On 16th September 1380 King Charles V of France (age 42) died. His son Charles (age 11) succeeded VI King France: Capet Valois.
On 16th September 1386 King Henry V of England was born to King Henry IV of England (age 19) and Mary Bohun (age 18) at Monmouth Castle [Map]. He was created Duke of Cornwall the same day. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.60%.
16th September appears in Henry V's birth record found in Prologus in Cronica Regina printed by Hearne.
French MS 54 at the John Rylands Library in Manchester: "1386 Nat[us] e[st] henric[us] primogenit[us] henrici Com[iti] derb[er]ie xvj° die Septemb[ris]" i.e. "Henry the first-born son of Henry, earl of Derby, was born 16 day of September". He married 2nd June 1420 his half third cousin once removed Catherine of Valois Queen Consort England, daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France and Isabeau Wittelsbach Queen Consort France, and had issue.
Mary Bohun: Around 1368 she was born to Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton and Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward I of England. On 16th January 1373 Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton died. He was buried at Waldon Priory and Abbey [Map]. Earl Hereford, Earl Essex, Earl of Northampton extinct. His estates were divided between his two daughters Eleanor Bohun Duchess Gloucester, wife of Thomas of Woodstock 1st Duke of Gloucester and Mary Bohun, wife of Henry of Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV, although the title and estates should have been inherited Gilbert Bohun who was a grandson of Humphrey Bohun 2nd Earl Hereford 1st Earl Essex. On 5th February 1381 Henry Bolingbroke and she were married at Arundel Castle [Map]. She the daughter of Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton and Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton. He the son of John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster and Blanche Duchess of Lancaster. They were second cousins. He a grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward I of England. Froissart Book 4 Chapter 94. Before 19th October 1398. You must know that the earl of Derby and the late duke of Gloucester had married two sisters [Note. Mary Bohun and Eleanor Bohun Duchess Gloucester], daughters to the earl of Hereford and Northampton, constable of England: the children, therefore, of the earl of Derby and duke of Gloucester were cousins-german by their mother's side, and one degree removed by their father's. To say the truth, the death of the duke of Gloucester had displeased many of the great barons of England, who frequently murmured at it when together; but the king had now so greatly extended his power, none dared to speak of it openly, nor act upon the current rumours of the mode of his death. The king had caused it to be proclaimed, that whoever should say anything respecting the duke of Gloucester or the earl of Arundel, should be reckoned a false and wicked traitor and incur his indignation. This threat had caused many to be silent, afraid of what might befal them, who were, nevertheless, much dissatisfied.
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On 16th September 1398 King Richard II (age 31), the nobility and thousands of spectators assembled at Gosford Green [Map] to witness the duel between the future Henry IV (age 31) and Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk (age 30). the future Henry IV had new armour constructed. Edward 2nd Duke of York 1st Duke Albemarle (age 25) and Thomas Holland 1st Duke Surrey (age 24) managed the proceedings. Just as the duel was to commence King Richard II stopped it. After two hours of deliberation King Richard II had his decision announced; both men were to be exiled. The future Henry IV for ten years,Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk forever.
On 19th October 1398 Thomas Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk left England never to return.
See Froissart Book 4 Chapter 94.
Froissart Book 4 Chapter 94. Before 16th September 1398. The two earls, in the mean time, were making every preparation for their combat. The duke of Lancaster (age 58) never went near the king, and as seldom saw his son (age 31), acting throughout with great good sense. He knew the earl of Derby was very popular with all ranks in England, but more particularly with the Londoners, who waited on him, and addressed him, - "Earl of Derby, make your mind easy: whatever may be the event of this combat it will turn out to your honour, in spite of the king and all his minions. We know well how things are managed, and what will be the result of them: this accusation has been invented by envy, to cause your banishment out of the kingdom, where they are aware you are so greatly beloved by all ranks and sexes; and should you be forced to quit us in sorrow, you shall return in joy, for you are more worthy to rule than Richard of Bordeaux (age 31). Whoever may choose to search the matter to the bottom, to discover the real origin of you both, will soon see that you have a greater right to the crown of England than he who wears it, although we have paid him homage, and acknowledged him for king these twenty years; but that was obtained by the entreaties of your grandfather, king Edward of happy memory, who was suspicious of what we hint, and feared the consequences. There was once a serious dispute on this subject between king Edward and your grandfather by your mother's side, duke Henry of Lancaster, but the great lords interfered and made up matters between them. King Edward was valiant and successful in all his enterprises, and had gained the love of his subjects high and low. Your grandfather of Lancaster only required from the king what was just, and served him and his kingdom so loyally, that his conduct deserved the commendation of all. Every one who knew him called him their old father. These things are worthy of king Richard's consideration, and may make him repent, if anything can, at his leisure, that he has not more prudently governed." Such conversations did many of the nobles and citizens of London hold with the earl of Derby, who was pleased with their affection, and received them kindly. He did not, however, neglect any preparations for his combat, but sent to every one of his friends throughout England, to entreat their company at the appointed day and place.
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Chronicle of Adam of Usk [~1352-1430]. [Before 16th September 1398]. In the same parliament, the duke of Hereford (age 31), son of the said duke of Lancaster, appealed the duke of Norfolk (age 30) of treason. Wherefore the king appointed to them the morrow of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross1 next following to fight in that quarrel. The duke of Hereford meanwhile, finding pledges, went whither he would. But the duke of Norfolk being delivered into custody at Windsor, his offices were given over to his other co-appellors, that is, the office of marshal of England to the duke of Surrey (age 24), and that of captain of Calais to the duke of Exeter; on account of which grants, by His righteous judgement, God did send between him and them great confusion of strife, according to what the prophecy says in the verse:
"By the Judge of Heaven's decree
The wicked throng shall bursten be."2
Note 1. This day would fall on the 15th September; the 16th was the actual day appointed.
Note 2. Bridlington, dist. ij. cap. vj.
Thomas Walsingham [~1422]. Around this time [16th September 1398] the Duke of Hereford (age 31) brought a formal charge against the Duke of Norfolk (age 30) for certain words he had spoken which reflected disgrace upon the king. For this cause a duel was appointed between them at Coventry. When at length they had entered the lists, as boldly as splendidly, the king took the matter into his own hands and had it proclaimed that the Duke of Hereford had honourably discharged his duty. Nevertheless, almost immediately afterward, the king, without any lawful cause, ordered the said Duke of Hereford to be banished for ten years, and commanded this contrary to justice, the laws of chivalry, and the customs of this realm. He also condemned the Duke of Norfolk to perpetual exile, mercilessly decreeing under heavy penalties that no one should ask or presume to intercede with the king for grace to be shown to the aforesaid dukes. These things were done on the very day, a year to the day, on which that same Duke of Norfolk had caused the Duke of Gloucester to be suffocated.
Circa praesens tempus appellavit Dux Herfordiæ Ducem Nortfolchiæ, de quibusdam verbis per eum dictis, quae in Regis dedecus redundabant. Ob quam causam indictum fuit eis duellum apud Coventre. Tandem cum listas intrassent tam animose quam magnifice, Rex in manu sua causam suscepit, et fecit proclamari quod Dux Herfordiæ debitum suum honorifice adimplesset. Sed tamen, vebut immediate postea, Rex, sine causa quacunque legitima, dictum Ducem Herfordiæ ad decennium relegari fecit, et mandavit, contra justitiam et jura militaria, et consuetudines hujus regni. Ducem quoque Northfolchæ perpetuo damnavit exilio, immisericorditer statuens, sub pœnis gravibus, quod nullus rogaret, vel apud ipsum Regem intercedere praesumeret, pro gratia facienda Ducibus supradictis. Facta sunt haec ea die ad annum, quo idem Dux Northfolchæ Ducem Gloverniæ fecerat suffocari.
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Chronicle of Adam of Usk [~1352-1430]. And on the day of battle [16th September 1398] they both came in great state to the appointed place, which was fenced with a wet ditch. But the duke of Hereford (age 31) appeared far more gloriously distinguished with diverse equipments of seven horses1. And, because the king had it by divination that the duke of Norfolk (age 30) should then prevail, he rejoiced much, eagerly striving after the destruction of the duke of Hereford. But when they joined battle, it seemed to him that the duke of Hereford would prevail. And so the king ordered the combat to be stayed, laying perpetual exile on the duke of Norfolk, yet being minded, when he should find occasion, to restore him. But the duke of Hereford he banished the realm for ten years, The one died at Venice in exile; the other within a year came back in triumph to the kingdom, and, deposing him who had banished him, reigned therein with might.
Note 1. The combatants made a great display of arms and trappings. Henry was assisted by armourers sent by the duke of Milan ; Mowbray received his arms from Germany.—Froissart, iv. 63; Archæologia, 20.102.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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Chronicle of William of Worcester [1415-1482]. This year [1398], around the Feast of Saint Lambert [September 17th], in the presence of King Richard at Coventry, a duel was arranged between Henry, Earl of Derby , the appellant, and the Earl of Norfolk, the defender. A grand and sumptuous arena was erected for them to engage in combat on Saint Edith's Day [September 16th], but the King did not allow it. Instead, he banished the Duke for ten years and the Earl permanently . Around the following Michaelmas [September 29th], a heavy tax was imposed, and white charters were issued by sixteen counties.
Hoc anno, circa festum Sancti Lamberti, in præsentia regis Ricardi apud Coventriam [indictum est] duellum inter Henricum ducem Lancastriæ, appellantem, et comitem Norfolche, defendentem; et factum est ibi theatrum magnum et sumptuosum pro prædictis dominis ibidem ad expugnandum die Sancta Edithæ virginis; sed rex non permisit eos, sed exlegavit ducem per x. annos et comitem pro perpetuo; et circa festum Michaelis sequens grave tallagium factum est, et alba) cartæ factæ fuerunt per xvi. comitatus.
Holinshed's Chronicle [1525-1582]. [16th September 1398] After this, when the king had communed with his councell a little, he commanded the two dukes to stand foorth, that their answers might be heard. The K. then caused them once againe to be asked, if they would agrée and make peace togither, but they both flatlie answered that they would not: and withall the duke of Hereford cast downe his gage, and the duke of Norfolke tooke it vp. The king perceiuing this demeanor betwixt them, sware by saint Iohn Baptist, that he would neuer séeke to make peace betwixt them againe. And therfore sir Iohn Bushie in name of the king & his councell declared, that the king and his councell had commanded and ordeined, that they should haue a daie of battell appointed them at Couentrie.
Here writers disagrée about the daie that was appointed: for some saie, it was vpon a mondaie in August; other vpon saint Lamberts daie, being the seuenteenth of September, other on the eleuenth of September: but true it is, that the king assigned them not onlie the daie, but also appointed them listes and place for the combat, and therevpon great preparation was made, as to such a matter apperteined.
At the time appointed the king came to Couentrie,Anno Reg. [...] where the two dukes were readie, according to the order prescribed therein, comming thither in great arraie, accompanied with the lords and gentlemen of their linages. The king caused a sumptuous scaffold or theater, and roiall listes there to be erected and prepared. The sundaie before they should fight, after dinner the duke of Hereford came to the king (being lodged about a quarter of a mile without the towne in a tower that belonged to sir William Bagot) to take his leaue of him. The morow after, being the daie appointed for the combat, about the spring of the daie, came the duke of Norfolke to the court to take leaue likewise of the king. The duke of Hereford armed him in his tent, that was set vp néere to the lists, and the duke of Norfolke put on his armor, betwixt the gate & the barrier of the towne, in a beautifull house, hauing a faire perclois of wood towards the gate, that none might sée what was doone within the house.
The duke of Aumarle that daie, being high constable of England, and the duke of Surrie marshall, placed themselues betwixt them, well armed and appointed; and when they saw their time, they first entered into the listes with a great companie of men apparelled in silke sendall, imbrodered with siluer, both richlie and curiouslie, euerie man hauing a tipped staffe to keepe the field in order. About the houre of prime came to the barriers of the listes, the duke of Hereford, mounted on a white courser, barded with gréene & blew veluet imbrodered sumptuouslie with swans and antelops of goldsmiths woorke, armed at all points. The constable and marshall came to the barriers, demanding of him what he was, he answered;
I am Henrie of Lancaster duke of Hereford, which am come hither to doo mine indeuor against Thomas Mowbraie duke of Norfolke, as a traitor vntrue to God, the king, his realme, and me.
The [...] incontinentlie he sware vpon the h [...]lie [...]uangelists, that his quarrell was true and iust and vpon that point he required to enter the lists. Then he put vp his sword, which before he held naked in his hand, and putting downe his visor, made a crosse on his horsse, and with speare in hand, entered into the lists, and descended from his horsse, and set him downe in a chaire of gréene veluet, at the one end of the lists, and there reposed himselfe, abiding the comming of his aduersarie.
Soone after him entred into the field with great triumph, king Richard accompanied with all the péeres of the realme, and in his companie was the earle of saint Paule, which was come out of France in post to see this challenge performed. The king had there aboue ten thousand men in armour, least some fraie or tumult might rise amongst his nobles, by quarelling or partaking. When the king was set in his seat, which was richlie hanged and adorned; a king at armes made open proclamation, prohibiting all men in the name of the king, and of the high constable and marshall, to enterprise or attempt to approch or touch any part of the lists vpon paine of death, except such as were appointed to order or marshall the field. The proclamation ended, an other herald cried;
Behold here Henrie of Lancaster duke of Hereford appellant, which is entred into the lists roiall to doo his deuoir against Thomas Mowbraie duke of Norfolke defendant, vpon paine to be found false and recreant.
The duke of Norfolke houered on horssebacke at the entrie of the lists, his horsse being barded with crimosen veluet, imbrodered richlie with lions of siluer and mulberie trées; and when he had made his oth before the constable and marshall that his quarrell was iust and true, he entred the field manfullie, saieng alowd:
God aid him that hath the right
and then he departed from his horsse, & sate him downe in his chaire which was of crimosen veluet, courtined about with white and red damaske. The lord marshall viewed their speares, to see that they were of equall length, and deliuered the one speare himselfe to the duke of Hereford, and sent the other vnto the duke of Norfolke by a knight. Then the herald proclamed that the trauerses & chaires of the champions should be remooued, commanding them on the kings behalfe to mount on horssebacke, & addresse themselues to the battell and combat.
The duke of Hereford was quicklie horssed, and closed his bauier, and cast his speare into the rest, and when the trumpet sounded set forward couragiouslie towards his enimie six or seuen pases. The duke of Norfolke was not fullie set forward, when the king cast downe his warder, and the heralds cried, Ho, ho. Then the king caused their speares to be taken from them, and commanded them to repaire againe to their chaires, where they remained two long houres, while the king and his councell deliberatlie consulted what order was best to be had in so weightie a cause. Finallie, after they had deuised, and fullie determined what should be doone therein, the heralds cried silence; and sir Iohn Bushie the kings secretarie read the sentence and determination of the king and his councell, in a long roll, the effect wherof was, that Henrie duke of Hereford should within fifteene daies depart out of the realme, and not to returne before the terme of ten yeares were expired, except by the king he should be repealed againe, and this vpon paine of death; and that Thomas Mowbraie duke of Norfolke, bicause he had sowen sedition in the relme by his words, should likewise auoid the realme, and neuer to returne againe into England, nor approch the borders or confines thereof vpon paine of death; [...]nd that the king would staie the profits of his lands, till he had leuied thereof such summes of monie as the duke had taken vp of the kings treasuror for the wages of the garrison of Calis, which were still vnpaid.
When these iudgements were once read, the king called before him both the parties, and made them to sweare that the one should neuer come in place where the other was, willingli [...]; nor kéepe any companie to [...]ither in any forren region; which oth they both receiued humblie, and so went their waies. The duke of Norfolke departed sorowfullie out of the relme into Almanie, and at the last came to Uenice, where he for thought and melancholie deceassed: for he was in hope (as writers record) that he should haue béene borne out in the matter by the king, which when it fell out otherwise, it greeued him not a little. The duke of Hereford tooke his leaue of the king at Eltham, who there released foure yeares of his banishment: so he tooke his iornie ouer into Calis, and from thence went into France, where he remained. A woonder it was to sée what number of people ran after him in euerie towne and stréet where he came, before he tooke the sea, lamenting and bewailing his departure, as who would saie, that when he departed, the onelie shield, defense and comfort of the commonwealth was vaded and gone.
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Froissart Book 4 Chapter 95. 16th September 1398. Not long after this, the king of England (age 31) summoned a large council of the great nobles and prelates at Eltham [Map]. On their arrival, he placed his two uncles of Lancaster (age 58) and York (age 57) beside him, with the earls of Northumberland (age 56), Salisbury (age 48) and Huntingdon (age 46). The earl of Derby (age 31) and the earl marshal (age 30) were sent for, and put into separate chambers, for it had been ordered they were not to meet. The king showed he wished to mediate between them, notwithstanding their words had been very displeasing to him, and ought not to be lightly pardoned. He required therefore that they should submit themselves to his decision; and to this end sent the constable of England, with four great barons, to oblige them to promise punctually to obey it. The constable and the lords waited on the two earls, and explained the king's intentions They both bound themselves, in their presence, to abide by whatever sentence the king should give. They having reported this, the king said, "Well then, I order that the earl marshal, for having caused trouble in this kingdom, by uttering words which he could not prove otherwise than by common report, be banished the realm: he may seek any other land he pleases to dwell in, but he must give over all hope of returning hither, as I banish him for life. I also order, that the earl of Derby, our cousin, for having angered us, and because he has been, in some measure, the cause of the earl marshal's crime and punishment, prepare to leave the kingdom within fifteen days, and be banished hence for the term of ten years, without daring to return unless recalled by us; but we shall reserve to ourself the power of abridging this term in part or altogether." The sentence was satisfactory to the lords present, who said: "The earl of Derby may readily go two or three years and amuse himself in foreign parts, for he is young enough; and, although he has already travelled to Prussia, the Holy Sepulchre, Cairo and Saint Catherine's1, he will find other places to visit. He has two sisters, queens of Castillo (age 25) and of Portugal (age 38), and may cheerfully pass his time with them. The lords, knights and squires of those countries, will make him welcome, for at this moment all warfare is at an end. On his arrival in Castille, as he is very active, he may put them in motion, and lead them against the infidels of Granada, which will employ his time better than remaining idle in England. Or he may go to Hainault, where his cousin, and brother in arms, the count d'Ostrevant, will be happily to see him, and gladly entertain him, that he may assist him in his war against the Frieslanders. If he go to Hainault, lie can have frequent intelligence from his own country and children. He therefore cannot fail of doing well, whithersoever he goes; and the king may speedily recall him, through means of the good friends he will leave behind, for he is the finest feather in his cap; and he must not therefore suffer him to be too long absent, if he wish to gain the love of his subjects. The earl marshal has had hard treatment, for he is banished without hope of ever being recalled; but, to say the truth, he has deserved it, for all this mischief has been caused by him and his foolish talking: he must therefore pay for it." Thus conversed many English knights with each other, the day the king passed sentence on the earl of Derby and the earl marshal.
Note 1. The monastery on Mount Sinai. - Ed.
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On 16th September 1400 Owain ap Gruffudd "Glyndŵr" Mathrafal Prince Powys (age 41) was appointed Prince Powys.
Chronicle of Gregory [1400-1467]. 16th September 1433. And that same year a-non aftyr the xij day, the xxix day of Janyver was the Lord Fehewe (age 34) is brothyr a was stallyd Byschoppe of London.
Ellis' Letters. 16th September 1513. Queen Catherine (age 27) to King Henry VIII (age 22)th, after the Battle of Flodden Field. A. D. 1513.
[MS. COTTON. VESP. F. in. fol. 15. Orig.]
Sir
MY Lord Howard (age 70) hath sent me a Lettre open to your Grace, within oon of myn, by the whiche ye shal see at length the grete Victorye that our Lord hath sent your subgetts in your absence; and for this cause it is noo nede herin to trouble your Grace with long writing, but, to my thinking, this batell hath bee to your Grace and al your reame the grettest honor that coude bee, and more than ye shuld wyn al the crown of Fraunce; thankend bee God of it: and I am suer your Grace forgetteth not to doo this, which shal be cause to send you many moo suche grete victoryes, as I trust he shal doo. My husband, for hastynesse, wt Rogecrosse I coude not sende your Grace the pece of the King of Scotts (deceased) cote [coat] whiche John Glyn now bringeth. In this your grace shal see how I can kepe my premys, sending you for your baners a Kings cote. I thought to sende hymself unto you, but our Englishemens herts wold not suffre it. It shuld have been better for hym to have been in peax than have this rewards. Al that God sendeth is for the best.
My Lord of Surrey (age 40), my Henry, wold fayne knowe your pleasur in the buryeng of the King of Scotts body, for he hath writen to me soo. With the next messanger your grace pleasur may bee herin knowen. And with this I make an ende: prayng God to sende you home shortly, for without this noo joye here can bee accomplisshed; and for the same I pray, and now goo to our Lady at Walsyngham [Map] that I promised soo long agoo to see. At Woborne [Map] the xvj. day of Septembre.
I sende your grace herin a bille founde in a Scottisshemans purse of suche things as the Frenshe King sent to the said King of Scotts to make warre against you, beseching your a to sende Mathewe hider assone this messanger commeth to bringe me tydings from your Grace.
Your humble wif and true servant
On 16th September 1562 John Mordaunt 1st Baron Mordaunt (deceased) was buried at All Saints Church, Turvey [Map].
A curious monument to John Mordaunt 1st Baron Mordaunt and Elizabeth Vere Baroness Mordaunt with effigies that appear correct for the time of death, Elizabethan Period, whereas the surrounding monument appears a hundred years later. The carving of his head and torso also appear somewhat out of date. No explanation for his missing right foot. Sculpted by T Kirkby.
Elizabeth Vere Baroness Mordaunt: she was born to Henry Vere. Before 1508 John Mordaunt 1st Baron Mordaunt and she were married. In 1529 John Mordaunt 1st Baron Mordaunt was created 1st Baron Mordaunt. She by marriage Baroness Mordaunt. Before 1561 she died.
The Mordaunt Crest has changed to a Blackamoor's Head.
On 16th September 1607 Princess Mary Stewart (age 2) died of pneumonia at the Stanwell Park Stanwell, Surrey home of Thomas Knyvet 1st Baron Knyvet (age 62) in whose care she had been placed. As soon as Mary died, the Earl of Worcester (age 57), the Earl of Leicester (age 43) and the Earl of Totnes (age 52) went to Hampton Court Palace [Map], to inform the Queen (age 32) of her daughter's death. Seeing the three men before her, Queen Anne realized what had happened and spared the men the task of telling her.
On or before 16th September 1630 Mary Capell Duchess Beaufort was born to Arthur Capell 1st Baron Capell Hadham (age 22) and Elizabeth Morrison Baroness Capell Hadham (age 19) at Little Hadham, Hertfordshire [Map]. She married (1) 28th June 1648 her fourth cousin Henry Seymour, son of William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset and Frances Devereux Duchess of Somerset, and had issue (2) before 25th December 1660 her fourth cousin Henry Somerset 1st Duke Beaufort, son of Edward Somerset 2nd Marquess Worcester and Elizabeth Dormer, and had issue.
On 16th September 1634 Judith Boys died. She was buried at St Michael's Church, Sutton-on-the-Hill [Map].
Judith Boys: Before 16th September 1634 Samuel Sleigh of Ash and Etwall and she were married.
On 16th September 1641 Louis I Duke Nemours (age 26) died unmarried. His brother Charles (age 17) succeeded Duke Nemours.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 16th September 1665. At noon to dinner to my Lord Bruncker (age 45), where Sir W. Batten (age 64) and his Lady come, by invitation, and very merry we were, only that the discourse of the likelihood of the increase of the plague this weeke makes us a little sad, but then again the thoughts of the late prizes make us glad.
On 16th September 1666 Robert Hubert (age 26) was indicted for having caused the Great Fire of London at the Middlesex sessions and imprisoned at the White Lion prison in Southwark. Hubert claimed to have created a crude fire grenade by placing gunpowder, brimstone and other flammable material onto the end of a pole and pushing it through the open window of the bakery on Pudding Lane. The only supporting evidence for Hubert's confession lay in his ability to go to the site of the bakery and to describe its appearance.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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Samuel Pepys' Diary. 16th September 1667. Up, and several come to me, among others Mr. Yeabsly of Plymouth, Devon [Map], to discourse about their matters touching Tangier, and by and by Sir H. Cholmly (age 35), who was with me a good while; who tells me that the Duke of York's (age 33) child is christened, the Duke of Albemarle (age 58) and the Marquis of Worcester (age 38) godfathers, and my Lady Suffolke (age 45) godmother; and they have named it Edgar, which is a brave name. But it seems they are more joyful in the Chancellor's (age 58) family, at the birth of this Prince, than in wisdom they should, for fear it should give the King (age 37) cause of jealousy.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 16th September 1667. Sir H. Cholmly (age 35) do not seem to think there is any such thing can be in the King's intention as that of raising the Duke of Monmouth (age 18) to the Crowne, though he thinks there may possibly be some persons that would, and others that would be glad to have the Queen (age 28) removed to some monastery, or somewhere or other, to make room for a new wife; for they will all be unsafe under the Duke of York (age 33). He says the King (age 37) and Parliament will agree; that is, that the King will do any thing that they will have him. We together to the Exchequer about our Tangier orders, and so parted at the New Exchange, where I staid reading Mrs. Phillips's poems till my wife and Mercer called me to Mrs. Pierce's, by invitation to dinner, where I find her painted, which makes me loathe her, and the nastiest poor dinner that made me sick, only here I met with a Fourth Advice to the Painter upon the coming in of the Dutch to the River and end of the war, that made my heart ake to read, it being too sharp, and so true. Here I also saw a printed account of the examinations taken, touching the burning of the City of London, shewing the plot of the Papists therein; which, it seems, hath been ordered and to have been burnt by the hands of the hangman, in Westminster Palace. I will try to get one of them.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 16th September 1668. So to the office, and thence to St. James's to the Duke of York (age 34), walking it to the Temple [Map], and in my way observe that the Stockes are now pulled quite down; and it will make the coming into Cornhill [Map] and Lumber Street mighty noble. I stopped, too, at Paul's, and there did go into St. Fayth's Church [Map], and also in the body of the west part of the Church; and do see a hideous sight of the walls of the Church ready to fall, that I was in fear as long as I was in it: and here I saw the great vaults underneath the body of the Church. No hurt, I hear, is done yet, since their going to pull down the Church and steeple; but one man, on Monday this week, fell from the top to a piece of the roof, of the east end, that stands next the steeple, and there broke himself all to pieces. It is pretty here to see how the late Church was but a case wrought over the old Church; for you may see the very old pillars standing whole within the wall of this. When I come to St. James's, I find the Duke of York gone with the King (age 38) to see the muster of the Guards in Hyde Park; and their Colonel, the Duke of Monmouth (age 19), to take his command this day of the King's Life-Guard, by surrender of my Lord Gerard (age 50). So I took a Hackney-coach and saw it all: and indeed it was mighty noble, and their firing mighty fine, and the Duke of Monmouth in mighty rich clothes; but the well-ordering of the men I understand not. Here, among a thousand coaches that were there, I saw and spoke to Mrs. Pierce: and by and by Mr. Wren (age 39) hunts me out, and gives me my Lord Anglesey's (age 54) answer to the Duke of York's letter, where, I perceive, he do do what he can to hurt me, by bidding the Duke of York call for my books: but this will do me all the right in the world, and yet I am troubled at it. So away out of the Park, and home; and there Mr. Gibson and I to dinner: and all the afternoon with him, writing over anew, and a little altering, my answer to the Duke of York, which I have not yet delivered, and so have the opportunity of doing it after seeing all their answers, though this do give me occasion to alter very little. This done, he to write it over, and I to the Office, where late, and then home; and he had finished it; and then he to read to me the life of Archbishop Laud, wrote by Dr. Heylin; which is a shrewd book, but that which I believe will do the Bishops in general no great good, but hurt, it pleads for so much Popish. So after supper to bed. This day my father's letters tell me of the death of poor Fancy, in the country, big with puppies, which troubles me, as being one of my oldest acquaintances and servants. Also good Stankes is dead.
John Evelyn's Diary. 16th September 1685. The next morning setting out early, we ariv'd soon enough at Winchester [Map] to waite on the King (age 51), who was lodg'd at the Dean's (Dr. Meggot). I found very few with him besides my Lords Feversham (age 44), Arran [Note. Not clear which Earl of Arran], Newport (age 65), and the Bishop of Bath and Wells (age 48). His Ma* was discoursing with the Bishops concerning miracles, and what strange things the Saludadors would do in Spaine, as by creeping into heated ovens without hurt, and that they had a black crosse in the roofe of their mouthes, but yet were commonly notorious and profane wretches; upon which his Majesty further said, that he was so extreamly difficult of miracles, for feare of being impos'd upon, that if he should chance to see one himselfe, without some other witness, he should apprehend it a delusion of his senses. Then they spake of ye boy who was pretended to have a wanting leg restor'd him, so confidently asserted by Fr. de Sta Clara and others. To all which the Bishop added a greate miracle happening In Winchester to his certaine knowledge, of a poor miserably sick and decrepit child (as I remember long kept unbaptiz'd), who immediately on his baptism recover'd; as also of ye salutary effect of K. Charles his Ma*s father's blood, in healing one that was blind.
John Evelyn's Diary. 16th September 1685. There was something said of the second sight happening to some persons, especialy Scotch; upon which his Ma*, and I think Lord Arran, told us that Mons a French nobleman, lately here in England, seeing the late Duke of Monmouth come into ye play-house at London, suddenly cried out to somebody sitting in the same box, Voila Monsieur comme il entre sans tete. Afterwards his Ma* (age 51) spoke of some reliques that had effected strange cures, particularly a piece of our Bl. Saviour's Crosse, that heal'd a gentleman's rotten nose by onely touching; and speaking of the golden crosse and chaine taken out of the coffin of St. Edward the Confessor at Westmr*, by one of the singing men, who, as the scaffolds were taking down after his Ma*s coronation, espying a hole in the tomb, and something glisten, put his hand in, and brought it to the Deane, and he to the King; his Maty began to put the Bishop in mind how earnestly the late King (his brother) call'd upon him, during his agonie, to take out what he had in his pocket. I had thought, said the King, it had ben for some keys, which might lead to some cabinet that his Ma* would have me secure; but, says he, you well remember that I found nothing in any of his pockets but a crosse of gold, and a few insignificant papers; and thereupon he shew'd us the crosse, and was pleas'd to put it into my hand. It was of gold, about three inches long, having on one side a crucifix enamell'd and emboss'd, the rest was grav'd and garnish'd with goldsmiths' work, and two pretty broad table amethists (as I conceiv'd), and at the bottom a pendant pearle; within was inchas'd a little fragment, as was thought, of the true Crosse, and a Latine inscription in gold and Roman letters. More company coming in, this discourse ended. I may not forget a resolution which his Ma* made, and had a little before enter'd upon it at ye Council Board at Windsor or Whitehall, that the Negroes in the Plantations should all be baptiz'd, exceedingly declaiming against that impiety of their masters prohibiting it, out of a mistaken opinion that they would be ipso facto free; but his Ma* persists in his resolution to have them christen'd, wch piety ye Bishop blessed him for.
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On 16th September 1700 Thomas Morgan (age 36) died of smallpox. John Morgan of Tredegar (age 29) inherited Tredegar House, Monmouthshire and estates worth £7000.
On 16th September 1701 King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 67) died at Château de Saint Germain en Laye. He was buried in the Church of the English Benedictines.
John Evelyn's Diary. 2nd September 1701. The death of King James (age 67), happening on the 15th of this month, N. S., after two or three days' indisposition, put an end to that unhappy Prince's troubles, after a short and unprosperous reign, indiscreetly attempting to bring in Popery, and make himself absolute, in imitation of the French, hurried on by the impatience of the Jesuits; which the nation would not endure.
On 16th September 1743 George Savile 7th Baronet (age 65) died. His son George (age 17) succeeded 8th Baronet Savile of Thornhill. Monument to George Savile 7th Baronet by William Barlow at Church of St Michael and All Angels, Thornhill [Map].
George Savile 8th Baronet: On 18th July 1726 he was born to George Savile 7th Baronet and Mary Pratt. On 9th January 1784 George Savile 8th Baronet died. He was buried at Church of St Michael and All Angels, Thornhill [Map]. Baronet Savile of Thornhill extinct.
On 16th September 1746 Thomas Davers (age 57) died of yellow fever in Jamaica.
On 16th September 1754 Francis Josias Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld (age 56) died. His son Ernest (age 30) succeeded Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. Sophia Antonia Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld (age 30) by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 16th September 1774 Frederick Fitzroy was born to Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton (age 38) and Elizabeth Wrottesley Duchess Grafton (age 28). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
Random Records by George Colman. Miss Farren (age 18) took her Benefit after the close of the season, — on the 16th September [1777].
During the Season, Miss Barsanti was married to Mr. Lesley; she was afterwards Mrs. Daly.
On 16th September 1777 Simon Harcourt 1st Earl Harcourt (age 63) drowned in a well at Nuneham House, Oxfordshire whilst trying to rescue his dog. His son George (age 41) succeeded 2nd Earl Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt, 3rd Viscount Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire. Elizabeth Venables-Vernon Countess Harcourt (age 31) by marriage Countess Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt.
On 16th September 1791 Anne Palk Lady Wrey (deceased) was buried at St Peter's Church, Tawstock [Map]. Sacred to the Memory of ANNE The Lady of Sir BOURCHIER WREY (age 34) Baronet, and Daughter of Sir ROBERT PALK (age 73) Baronet, of Haldon House in this County who died the 5th day of September 1791, Aged 27 Years, leaving three infant children. Her Heart was pure and her manners unaffected. Her constant study was to know her Duty, and her greatest pleasure to discharge it, An affectionate Wife, a tender Parent, gentle, friendly, and benevolent. Taken from the World in the Prime of Years by a severe and lingering illness. She submitted to the will of Heaven with patient Resignation. Learn from her example that Virtue Is the loveliest ornament of Beauty!
Sculpted by W Youngs, Barum.
Anne Palk Lady Wrey: Around 1764 she was born to Robert Palk 1st Baronet and Anne van Sittart Lady Palk at Madras aka Chennai, India. On 14th March 1786 Bourchier Wrey 7th Baronet and she were married. She by marriage Lady Wrey of Trebitch in Cornwall. On 5th September 1791 Anne Palk Lady Wrey died.
On 16th September 1821 Alexander George Russell was born to John Russell 6th Duke Bedford (age 55) and Georgiana Gordon Duchess Bedford (age 40). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 16th September 1824 Louis XVIII King France (age 68) died. His brother Charles (age 66) de jure XVIII King France: Capet Valois Bourbon.
On 16th September 1884 Francis D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne 12th Duke of Leeds was born to Sidney Francis Godolphin Osborne (age 49) and Margaret Dulcibella Hammersley (age 23).
Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club 1897. On Thursday September 16th [1897], in beautiful weather, a good party set out from Minsterley, and drove up the Hope Valley. On the way they saw good sections of the Llandovery and Wenlock shale, in one instance very curiously contorted. They also noticed a large boulder lying in the middle of the stream, and looking quite out of place there; it had evidently been carried by ice from some distant hill. Near the Marsh Pool they were met by the Rev. W. Brewster, vicar of Middleton, and Mr. Jasper More. Under their able and agreeable guidance a very pleasant walk was taken over the hills. In a well-marked ring of stones, which Mr. Brewster pronounced to be older than the time of the Druids, Mr. More read the "Legend of the Fairy Cow," by Olive—
This poem relates not to the stone circle on which the party were standing, but to another called Mitchell's Fold [Map], nearer to Corndon.
Once through the land, the old folks say, a mighty famine spread,
Old age and tender infancy died out for lack of bread,
And brave, strong men grew pale with want, and hollow-eyed with grief,
To see their dear ones suffering when there was no relief.
No more the labourer's happy song woke with the summer's morn,
No more the farmer's wide-stretched fields stood thick with full-eared corn;
For cruel famine ruled the land, and want's relentless ire
Had long since hushed the children's laugh, and damped the cottage fire.
But there were fairies in those days (I wish there were some now),
And one came through the country then, and brought with her a cow—
A snow-white cow, whose shape and size old people speak of still,
And closed her in a circle of stones on Stapeley Hill,
And bade the starving peasant wives each night and morning go
With one pail each, and milk, she said, should never cease to flow.
What words could tell the joy with which this bounty was received!
What weakly lives grew strong again!what misery was relieved!
And how they bless'd the fairy cow, who had such ample store,
And e'en where crowds were satisfied would yield one pailful more.
Now, in this country dwelt a witch, an ill-disposed old crone,
Who practised not the good advice of "letting well alone;"
Besides, it grieved her that, alone she had in sorcery dealt,
The people had not sought her aid when this distress was felt.
So for their harm she wrought her spells, but vainly tried them o'er,
Till she recalled the fairy's words, "One pailful each, no more."
Then with full glee she took her pail, the bottom broke away,
And placed a sieve where it had been, and started off, they say.
Before the sunrise lit the earth, or anyone was near,
To see that she so drew the milk that it might disappear;
And by this means the spell was loosed, the white cow sank away,
Down through the ground, but in the stones the witch was forced to stay;
And when the thronging people came they found the woman there,
With her false pail—the much loved cow they saw not anywhere.
They saw the wasted milk, and then knew what the witch had done,
So walled her up and left her in that living tomb of stone.
The famine passed; but still this tale is in the country told,
Of how the witch was starved to death, walled up in Mitchell's Fold.
On 14th September 1914 or 16th September 1914 Captain John Banks Jenkinson (age 33) was killed in action. The 3rd Infantry Brigade was in position to the north-west of the village of Vendresse during what would become known as the Battle of the Aisne and he was out in front of the leading battalions carrying out a reconnaissance when he was killed as they advanced from the Marne to the slopes above the Aisne. He was buried at Vendresse Plot I. C. 17.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 16th September 1915 Captain Roland Stuart Hebeler died from wounds at Corbie, France.
On 16th September 1916 Guy Baring (age 43) was killed in action during the Battle of the Somme. Seventeen officers and six-hundred and ninety other ranks went into battle, but only three officers survived (one injured) and two-hundred and twenty-one other ranks. Baring was buried in Citadel New Military Cemetery
Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Volume 42 1920 Pages 36-41. The Helstone [Map]. By Vere L. Oliver, F.S.A. (Read 16th September, 1920).
The Helstone is situated on Ridgehill, one of the spurs running up North to Blackdown from Portisham. It stands on a slight mound, which is more noticeable on the North side, but to the South there are only hollows, whence soil has evidently been removed. A held wall (older than 1803) runs across the mound North and South.
Hutchins, in his History of Dorset (1st edition), wrote, in 1774, that nearly all the upper stones were thrown down, the table-stone leaning on only one at the North, and that shepherds had dug a hole beneath it for a shelter. He gave a ridiculous plate of its supposed restoration, which looks like a round table on thick legs. In the 2nd edition, of 1803, an artistic illustration appeared showing the table-stone tilted and the existing held wall in the back-ground. What we now see may well be the remains of a long barrow which was placed N.W. and S.E. Hutchins stated that there was a terrace to to the N.W. leading to it 60ft. long, 30ft. broad at one end and 10ft. at the other; but the plough has obliterated all traces of this.
On 16th September 1922 Ashton-under-Lyne War Memorial [Map] was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton. The memorial designed by the Ashton architect Percy Howard with sculptures by John Ashton Floyd. To either side, and along the rear, are 38 bronze panels with the names of the fallen of the First World War in relief lettering, each panel with 40 names. The east and west return faces each have a bronze panel with the names of the men who died in the Second World War, 301 in total.
On 16th September 1943 Henry Wellesley 6th Duke Wellington (age 31) was killed during an attempt to take Pimple Hill. He was buried where he lay. He was unmarried and without issue. His uncle Gerald (age 58) succeeded 7th Duke Wellington, 11th Earl Mornington, 11th Viscount Wellesley of Dangan Castle, 7th Viscount Wellington of Talavera. Dorothy Violet Ashton Duchess Wellington (age 54) by marriage Duchess Wellington.
Time Team Series 1 Episode 4: The Fortress in the Lake was filmed between 16th September 1993 and 18th September 1993. It was originally shown on 6th February 1994.
Locations: Llangorse Lake, Breconshire [Map], St Paulinus' Church, Llangorse [Map].
Category: Time Team Early Medieval.
Time Team:
Tony Robinson (age 47), Presenter
Mick Aston (age 47), Bristol University Landscape Archaeologist
Carenza Lewis (age 30), Royal Commission on Historic Monuments
Phil Harding (age 44), Wessex Archaeological Trust Field Archaeologist
Robin Bush (age 50), Archivist.
Victor Ambrus (age 58), Historical Illustrator
John Gator, Chris Gaffney, Geophysics
Damian Goodburn, Ancient Woodworking Specialist
Mark Redknap, National Museum of Wales
Techniques: Magnetometry
Sources: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 916, Book of Llandaff Chapter 4 Section 7: Llan Cors, Book of Llandaff Chapter 8
Historical Figures: King Elised of Brecknock, Æthelflæd Lady of the Mercians.
Outcomes: Reconstructed Iron Age boat made from 3.5 tonnes of oak; a copy of an original discovered in Llangorse Lake in Brecon Museum. Metal working on site, shale ring. Boundary Ditch.
On 16th September 1295 Elizabeth Clare Lady Verdun was born to Gilbert "Red Earl" Clare 7th Earl Gloucester 6th Earl Hertford (age 52) and Joan of Acre Countess Gloucester and Hertford (age 23). She a granddaughter of King Edward I of England. She married (1) her sixth cousin John Burgh, son of Richard "Red Earl" Burgh 2nd Earl of Ulster and Margaret Burgh Countess Ulster, and had issue (2) 4th February 1316 her third cousin Theobald Verdun 2nd Lord Verdun and had issue (3) before 3rd May 1317 Roger Damory 1st Baron Damory and had issue.
On 16th September 1386 King Henry V of England was born to King Henry IV of England (age 19) and Mary Bohun (age 18) at Monmouth Castle [Map]. He was created Duke of Cornwall the same day. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.60%.
16th September appears in Henry V's birth record found in Prologus in Cronica Regina printed by Hearne.
French MS 54 at the John Rylands Library in Manchester: "1386 Nat[us] e[st] henric[us] primogenit[us] henrici Com[iti] derb[er]ie xvj° die Septemb[ris]" i.e. "Henry the first-born son of Henry, earl of Derby, was born 16 day of September". He married 2nd June 1420 his half third cousin once removed Catherine of Valois Queen Consort England, daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France and Isabeau Wittelsbach Queen Consort France, and had issue.
Mary Bohun: Around 1368 she was born to Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton and Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward I of England. On 16th January 1373 Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton died. He was buried at Waldon Priory and Abbey [Map]. Earl Hereford, Earl Essex, Earl of Northampton extinct. His estates were divided between his two daughters Eleanor Bohun Duchess Gloucester, wife of Thomas of Woodstock 1st Duke of Gloucester and Mary Bohun, wife of Henry of Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV, although the title and estates should have been inherited Gilbert Bohun who was a grandson of Humphrey Bohun 2nd Earl Hereford 1st Earl Essex. On 5th February 1381 Henry Bolingbroke and she were married at Arundel Castle [Map]. She the daughter of Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton and Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton. He the son of John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster and Blanche Duchess of Lancaster. They were second cousins. He a grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward I of England. Froissart Book 4 Chapter 94. Before 19th October 1398. You must know that the earl of Derby and the late duke of Gloucester had married two sisters [Note. Mary Bohun and Eleanor Bohun Duchess Gloucester], daughters to the earl of Hereford and Northampton, constable of England: the children, therefore, of the earl of Derby and duke of Gloucester were cousins-german by their mother's side, and one degree removed by their father's. To say the truth, the death of the duke of Gloucester had displeased many of the great barons of England, who frequently murmured at it when together; but the king had now so greatly extended his power, none dared to speak of it openly, nor act upon the current rumours of the mode of his death. The king had caused it to be proclaimed, that whoever should say anything respecting the duke of Gloucester or the earl of Arundel, should be reckoned a false and wicked traitor and incur his indignation. This threat had caused many to be silent, afraid of what might befal them, who were, nevertheless, much dissatisfied.
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On 16th September 1415 Elizabeth Beauchamp 3rd Baroness Bergavenny was born to Richard Beauchamp 1st Earl of Worcester (age 19) and Isabel Despencer Countess Warwick and Worcester (age 15) at Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward III of England. She married 1436 her second cousin once removed Edward Neville 1st Baron Abergavenny, son of Ralph Neville 1st Earl of Westmoreland and Joan Beaufort Countess of Westmoreland, and had issue.
On 16th September 1541 Walter Devereux 1st Earl Essex was born to Richard Devereux (age 28) and Dorothy Hastings (age 25). Coefficient of inbreeding 2.78%. He married 1561 his fourth cousin Lettice Knollys Countess Essex and Leicester and had issue.
On 16th September 1615 Henry Skipwith 2nd Baronet was born to Henry Skipwith 1st Baronet (age 26) and Ann Kemp Lady Skipwith (age 24).
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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On 16th September 1622 Richard Sackville 5th Earl Dorset was born to Edward Sackville 4th Earl Dorset (age 31) and Mary Curzon Countess Dorset (age 32) at Dorset House. He married before 1637 Frances Cranfield Countess Dorset, daughter of Lionel Cranfield 1st Earl Middlesex and Anne Brett Countess Middlesex, and had issue.
On 16th September 1678 Henry St John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke was born to Henry St John 1st Viscount St John (age 25) and Mary Rich (age 40). He married 22nd May 1701 Frances Winchcombe Viscountess Bolingbroke, daughter of Henry Winchcombe 2nd Baronet.
On 16th September 1700 Frances Norcliffe Lady Wray was born to Fairfax Norcliffe of Langton in Yorkshire and Mary Hesketh. She married 4th March 1728 John Wray 12th Baronet and had issue.
On 16th September 1740 John Eden 4th Baronet was born to Robert Eden 3rd Baronet (age 22) and Mary Davison Lady Eden (age 20).
On 16th September 1746 George Greville 2nd Earl Warwick and Brooke was born to Francis Greville 1st Earl Brooke Warwick Castle 1st Earl Warwick (age 26) and Elizabeth Hamilton Countess Brooke Warwick Castle and Warwick (age 26). He married (1) 1st April 1771 his fifth cousin once removed Georgiana Peachey, daughter of James Peachey 1st Baron Selsey and Georgiana Caroline Scott Baroness Selsey, and had issue (2) 14th July 1776 his fourth cousin once removed Henrietta Vernon Countess Warwick and Brooke, daughter of Richard Vernon and Evelyn Leveson-Gower Countess Upper Ossory, and had issue.
On 16th September 1762 Edmund Mark Winn 7th Baronet was born to Thomas Winn (age 48).
On 16th September 1766 Reverend Edward Sacheverel Wilmot was born to Robert Mead Wilmot 2nd Baronet (age 34) and Mary Woolett (age 31).
On 16th September 1774 Frederick Fitzroy was born to Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton (age 38) and Elizabeth Wrottesley Duchess Grafton (age 28). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 16th September 1785 Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend was born to George Townshend 2nd Marquess Townshend (age 32) and Charlotte Mainwaring Ellerker Countess of Leicester (age 14). He married before 5th November 1853 his first cousin Charlotte Elizabeth Loftus.
On 16th September 1786 Elizabeth Sophia Ashburnham was born to George Ashburnham 3rd Earl Ashburnham (age 25) and Sophia Thynne (age 22).
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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On 16th September 1800 Richard Henry Liulphus Savile was born to John Lumley-Savile 7th Earl Scarborough (age 39) and Anna Maria Herring Viscountess Lumley.
On 16th September 1810 Sidney Herbert 1st Baron Herbert Lea was born to George Augustus Herbert 11th Earl Pembroke 8th Earl Montgomery (age 51) and Yekaterina Semyonovna Vorontsova Countess Pembroke and Montgomery (age 25).
On 16th September 1812 Henry William Bertie was born to Montagu Bertie 5th Earl of Abingdon (age 28) and Emily Gage Countess of Abingdon.
On 16th September 1812 Edward North Buxton 2nd Baronet was born to Thomas Fowell Buxton 1st Baronet (age 26) and Hannah Gurney Lady Buxton (age 29). He married 12th April 1836 his first cousin Catherine Gurney Lady Buxton and had issue.
On 16th September 1821 Alexander George Russell was born to John Russell 6th Duke Bedford (age 55) and Georgiana Gordon Duchess Bedford (age 40). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 16th September 1826 William Neville 1st Marquess Abergavenny was born to William Neville 4th Earl Abergavenny (age 34) and Caroline Leeke Countess Abergavenny. He married 2nd May 1848 Caroline Vanden Bempte Johnston Marchioness Abergavenny and had issue.
On 16th September 1835 Frederick James Boyle was born to Richard Boyle 4th Earl Shannon (age 26) and Emily Henrietta Seymour-Conway Countess Shannon.
On 16th September 1843 Algernon Charles Stanley was born to Edward John Stanley 2nd Baron Stanley and 1st Baron Eddisbury (age 40) and Henrietta Maria Dillon Baroness Stanley Alderley and Eddisbury (age 35).
On 16th September 1853 May Prinsep Baroness Tennyson was born to Charles Robert Prinsep (age 64) and Louisa Anne White (age 34). She married 27th July 1918 Hallam Tennyson 2nd Baron Tennyson, son of Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson and Emily Sellwood Baroness Tennyson.
On 16th September 1863 William Pery 4th Earl of Limerick was born to William Pery 3rd Earl of Limerick (age 23) and Caroline Maria Gray Countess of Limerick.
On 16th September 1867 Frederick "Fritz" Ponsonby 1st Baron Sysonby was born to Henry Ponsonby (age 41) and Mary Elizabeth Bulteel (age 34).
On 16th September 1869 Wilma Pleydell-Bouverie Countess Lathom was born to William Pleydell-Bouverie 5th Earl Radnor (age 28) and Helen Matilda Chaplin Countess Radnor (age 23). She married 15th August 1889 her second cousin Edward George Bootle Wibraham 2nd Earl Lathom, son of Edward Bootle Wibraham 1st Earl Lathom and Alice Villiers Countess Lathom, and had issue.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 16th September 1872 Edith Amelia Ward Baroness Wolverton was born to William Ward 1st Earl of Dudley (age 55) and Georgina Moncrieffe Countess Dudley (age 26). She married 5th January 1895 Frederic Glyn 4th Baron Wolverton and had issue.
On 16th September 1884 Francis D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne 12th Duke of Leeds was born to Sidney Francis Godolphin Osborne (age 49) and Margaret Dulcibella Hammersley (age 23).
On 16th September 1887 Margueurite de Fontaine Drever Joicey was born to James Joicey 1st Baron Joicey (age 41) and Marguerite Smyles Drever Baroness Joicey (age 34).
On 16th September 1907 Ann Prunella Beckett was born to William Gervase Beckett 1st Baronet (age 41) and Mabel Theresa Duncombe (age 28). Coefficient of inbreeding 3.32%. She married 15th April 1936 Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Rumbold Bathurst Norman.
On 16th September 1915 Christopher Beckett 4th Baron Grimthorpe was born to Ralph Beckett 3rd Baron Grimthorpe (age 24) and Mary Alice Archdale Baroness Beckett. He married 17th February 1954 Elizabeth Lumley Baroness Grimthorpe, daughter of Roger Lumley 11th Earl of Scarbrough and Katherine Isobel McEwen Countess Scarborough, and had issue.
On 16th September 1941 Elizabeth Anne Ramsay Countess Scarborough was born to Simon Ramsay 16th Earl of Dalhousie (age 26). She married 1970 Richard Lumley 12th Earl of Scarbrough, son of Roger Lumley 11th Earl of Scarbrough and Katherine Isobel McEwen Countess Scarborough, and had issue.
On 16th September 1958 Richard Paul Atherton Onslow 9th Baronet was born to John Roger Wilmot Onslow 8th Baronet (age 26).
On 16th September 1966 Rhodri Philipps 4th Viscount St Davids was born to Colwyn Philipps 3rd Viscount St Davids (age 27).
On 16th September 1983 William Victor Conway Seely 6th was born to Major Victor Ronald Seely (age 42).
On 16th September 1609 Gilbert Gerard 2nd Baron Gerard and Eleanor Dutton (age 12) were married at St Mary and All Saints' Church, Great Budworth.
On 16th September 1673 Thomas Wharton 1st Marquess Wharton (age 25) and Anne or Nan Lee (age 14) were married.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 16th September 1797 David William Murray 3rd Earl of Mansfield (age 20) and Frederica Markham Countess Mansfield (age 23) were married. She by marriage Countess Mansfield in Middlesex. She the daughter of Archbishop William Markham (age 78). He the son of David Murray 2nd Earl Mansfield and Louisa Cathcart 2nd Countess Mansfield (age 39).
On 16th September 1799 William O'Brien 2nd Marquess Thomond (age 34) and Rebecca Trotter Marchioness Thomond (age 24) were married.
On 16th September 1868 Frederick Archibald Vaughan Campbell 3rd Earl Cawdor (age 21) and Edith Georgiana Turnor Countess Cawdor (age 24) were married. He the son of John Frederick Vaughan Campbell 2nd Earl Cawdor (age 51) and Sarah Mary Compton Cavendish Countess Cawdor (age 55). They were half fourth cousin twice removed.
On 16th September 1884 William Grenville Williams 4th Baronet (age 40) and Ellinor Harriet Hurt Sitwell Lady Williams were married. She by marriage Lady Williams of Bodelwyddan in Flintshire.
On 16th September 1885 William Bilsland 1st Baronet (age 38) and Agnes Anne Steven Lady Bilsland were married.
On 16th September 1885 Charles John Darling 1st Baron Darling (age 35) and Mary Caroline Greathed (age 21) were married.
On 16th September 1890 Francis Denys-Burton 3rd Baronet (age 41) and Grace Ellen Burton Lady Denys were married. She by marriage Lady Denys of Stratford Place.
On 16th September 1899 John Brinsley Norton 5th Baron Grantley (age 43) and Alice Jones Baroness Grantley (age 34) were married. She by marriage Baroness Grantley of Markenfield in Yorkshire. Their first child Joan was born five days later.
On 16th September 1343 Philip "Noble" III King Navarre (age 37) died. His son Charles (age 10) succeeded II King Navarre.
On 16th September 1345 John Montfort IV Duke Brittany (age 50) died at Hennebont. His son John (age 6) succeeded V Duke Brittany 1221 Dreux. Mary Plantagenet Duchess Brittany by marriage Duchess Brittany 1221 Dreux.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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On 16th September 1360 William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton (age 50) died. He was buried either in the Courtenay Chantry Chapel at Exeter Cathedral [Map] or at Waldon Priory and Abbey [Map]. His son Humphrey (age 19) succeeded 2nd Earl of Northampton. Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton (age 13) by marriage Countess of Northampton.
On 16th September 1380 King Charles V of France (age 42) died. His son Charles (age 11) succeeded VI King France: Capet Valois.
On 16th September 1607 Princess Mary Stewart (age 2) died of pneumonia at the Stanwell Park Stanwell, Surrey home of Thomas Knyvet 1st Baron Knyvet (age 62) in whose care she had been placed. As soon as Mary died, the Earl of Worcester (age 57), the Earl of Leicester (age 43) and the Earl of Totnes (age 52) went to Hampton Court Palace [Map], to inform the Queen (age 32) of her daughter's death. Seeing the three men before her, Queen Anne realized what had happened and spared the men the task of telling her.
On 16th September 1641 Louis I Duke Nemours (age 26) died unmarried. His brother Charles (age 17) succeeded Duke Nemours.
On 16th September 1651 James Cranfield 2nd Earl Middlesex (age 30) died. His brother Lionel (age 26) succeeded 3rd Earl Middlesex, 3rd Baron Cranfield of Cranfield in Bedfordshire.
On 16th September 1652 Audrey Boteler Countess Chichester died.
On 16th September 1663 Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Cardigan (age 80) died. His son Robert (age 56) succeeded 2nd Earl Cardigan, 2nd Baron Brudenell of Stonton in Leicestershire. Mary Constable Countess Cardigan by marriage Countess Cardigan.
On 16th September 1677 John Burgoyne 2nd Baronet (age 59) died. He was buried at All Saint's Church, Sutton. His son John (age 26) succeeded 3rd Baronet Burgoyne of Sutton in Bedfordshire. Constance Lucy Lady Burgoyne (age 18) by marriage Lady Burgoyne of Sutton in Bedfordshire.
On 16th September 1701 King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 67) died at Château de Saint Germain en Laye. He was buried in the Church of the English Benedictines.
On 16th September 1720 Dudley Cullum 3rd Baronet (age 62) died. His first cousin Jasper (age 46) succeeded 4th Baronet Cullum of Hastede in Suffolk. Anne Wyatt Lady Cullum (age 45) by marriage Lady Cullum of Hastede in Suffolk.
On 16th September 1743 George Savile 7th Baronet (age 65) died. His son George (age 17) succeeded 8th Baronet Savile of Thornhill. Monument to George Savile 7th Baronet by William Barlow at Church of St Michael and All Angels, Thornhill [Map].
George Savile 8th Baronet: On 18th July 1726 he was born to George Savile 7th Baronet and Mary Pratt. On 9th January 1784 George Savile 8th Baronet died. He was buried at Church of St Michael and All Angels, Thornhill [Map]. Baronet Savile of Thornhill extinct.
On 16th September 1754 Francis Josias Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld (age 56) died. His son Ernest (age 30) succeeded Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. Sophia Antonia Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld (age 30) by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 16th September 1775 Allen Bathurst 1st Earl Bathurst (age 90) died. His son Henry (age 61) succeeded 2nd Earl Bathurst of Bathurst in Sussex, 2nd Baron Bathurst. Tryphena Scawen Countess Bathurst Sussex (age 44) by marriage Countess Bathurst of Bathurst in Sussex.
On 16th September 1777 Simon Harcourt 1st Earl Harcourt (age 63) drowned in a well at Nuneham House, Oxfordshire whilst trying to rescue his dog. His son George (age 41) succeeded 2nd Earl Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt, 3rd Viscount Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire. Elizabeth Venables-Vernon Countess Harcourt (age 31) by marriage Countess Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt.
On 16th September 1778 Petronilla Melusine Schulenburg Countess Chesterfield (age 85) died.
On 16th September 1802 Henry Temple 2nd Viscount Palmerston (age 62) died. His son Henry (age 17) succeeded 3rd Viscount Palmerston of Palmerston in County Dublin.
On 16th September 1824 Louis XVIII King France (age 68) died. His brother Charles (age 66) de jure XVIII King France: Capet Valois Bourbon.
On 16th September 1826 Martha Matilda Somerville Lady Webb died.
On 16th September 1875 Lucy Graham Countess Powis (age 81) died.
On 16th September 1895 Miles Stapleton 10th Baron Beaumont (age 45) died without male issue. Baron Beaumont abeyant between his two infant daughters Mona Stapleton 11th Baroness Beaumont and Baroness Howard (age 1) and Ivy Mary Stapleton, the latter being born three weeks after his death.
On 16th September 1916 Florence Kerr Countess of Dunraven and Mount Earl (age 74) died.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 16th September 1918 John Alexander Miller 3rd Baronet (age 50) died. Baronet Miller of Manderston in Berwickshire extinct.
On 16th September 1939 Charles Abbott 4th Baron Tenterden (age 73) died. Baron Tenterden of Hendon in Middlesex extinct.
On 16th September 1941 George Florance Irby 6th Baron Boston (age 81) died. His nephew Grenville (age 52) succeeded 7th Baron Boston, 8th Baronet Irby of Whaplode and Boston.
On 16th September 1943 Henry Wellesley 6th Duke Wellington (age 31) was killed during an attempt to take Pimple Hill. He was buried where he lay. He was unmarried and without issue. His uncle Gerald (age 58) succeeded 7th Duke Wellington, 11th Earl Mornington, 11th Viscount Wellesley of Dangan Castle, 7th Viscount Wellington of Talavera. Dorothy Violet Ashton Duchess Wellington (age 54) by marriage Duchess Wellington.
On 16th September 1958 Grenville Northey Irby 7th Baron Boston (age 69) died. His brother Cecil (age 61) succeeded 8th Baron Boston, 9th Baronet Irby of Whaplode and Boston.
On 16th September 1968 George Cholmondeley 5th Marquess Cholmondeley (age 85) died. His son Hugh (age 49) succeeded 6th Marquess Cholmondeley, 9th Earl Cholmondeley in Cheshire, 6th Earl Rocksavage of Cheshire, 10th Viscount Cholmondeley of Kells in County Meath, 9th Viscount Malpas in Cheshire, 9th Baron Cholmondeley Nampwich in Cheshire, 8th Baron Newburgh of Newburgh in Anglesey, 8th Baron Newborough of Newborough in County Wexford. Lavinia Margaret Leslie Marchioness Cholmondeley (age 47) by marriage Marchioness Cholmondeley.
On 16th September 1989 Donald Arthur Gordon Bannerman 13th Baronet (age 90) died. His son Alexander (age 56) succeeded 14th Baronet Bannerman of Elsick in Kincardineshire. Joan Mary Wilcox Lady Bannerman (age 63) by marriage Lady Bannerman of Elsick in Kincardineshire.
On 16th September 2003 John Leigh 5th Baron Leigh (age 68) died. His son Christopher (age 42) succeeded 6th Baron Leigh of Stoneleigh in Warwickshire.
