On this Day in History ... 28th July

Patent Rolls. 28th July 1461. Westminster Palace [Map]. Appointment, during good behaviour, of John Howard (age 36) knight, as one of the king's carvers, receiving 40lyearly, viz 20l from the far of the town of Ipswich, co Suffolk, ad 20l from the issues of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. By p.s.

Siege of Loja

Before 28th July 1488 Edward Woodville Lord Scales (age 32) fought at Loja during the Siege of Loja.

Battle of Saint Aubin du Cormier

On 28th July 1488 Edward Woodville Lord Scales (age 32) was killed during the Battle of Saint Aubin du Cormier.

Margaret Tudor's Journey to Scotland

                    Collectanea by John Leland. The XXVIJth Day of the said Monneth the Qwene departed from Morpath, after the Custom before, to goo to Alnewyk [Map], a Place of th Erle of Northumbelannd. And in Half of the Way cam before hyr, Maister Henry Gray Esquier, well appointed. In hys Company many other Gentilmen, and hys Folks well monted and arayd in hys Liveray, to the Nombre of a Hundreth Horsys.
                
                    Two Mylle from the sayd Place, the sayd Erle cam and mett hyr, well acompayned, and brought hyr thorough hys Park, wher she kylde a Buk with her Bow. After which she was conveyde to the said Castell [Map], where sche and hyr Company was welcomed by the said Lorde, the wich maid hyr varey good Chere.
                
                    The next Day, the XXVIIJth Day of the said Monneth [28th July 1503], she was all the holi Day in the said Castell, and by the Lord well cheryss, and hyr Company.

Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard

                    On 28th July 1540 Henry VIII (age 49) and Catherine Howard (age 17) were married at Oatlands Palace [Map] by Bishop of London Edmund Bonner (age 40). She by marriage Queen Consort England. The difference in their ages was 31 years. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. They were fifth cousin once removed.
                
                    Catherine Carey (age 16) and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland (age 45) were appointed Lady in Waiting to Queen Catherine Howard of England.
                
                    The date of the marriage derived from the .

Spanish Chronicle Chapter 35. [28th July 1540] Some were of the Duke's opinion, and some thought that the King might find a lady to his liking in his own country; so when they had had their say, the King continued, "Gentlemen, I have seen the lady I wish to take;" and they all held their peace to know whom he would mention. "You know Katharine Howard," he said; "she is the one I have chosen." Then they replied, "If your Majesty so wills it we shall be content; what pleases your Majesty pleases us." The King announced his desire to be married the next day, and sent for the Bishop of London to come and marry him.

So the next day they were married with great state, and very grand rejoicings were held.¹

Note 1. Little or no public rejoicings were held on this occasion according to the English Chronicles.

Execution of Thomas Cromwell

On 28th July 1540 Walter Hungerford 1st Baron Hungerford Heytesbury (age 37) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was attainted; Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury forfeit. He, together with his chaplain, a Wiltshire clergyman named William Bird, Rector of Fittleton and Vicar of Bradford, who was suspected of sympathising with the pilgrims of grace of the north of England, was attainted by act of parliament. Hungerford was charged with employing Bird in his house as chaplain, knowing him to be a traitor; with ordering another chaplain, Hugh Wood, and one Dr. Maudlin to practise conjuring to determine the king's length of life, and his chances of victory over the northern rebels; and finally with committing offences forbidden by the 1533 Buggery Act.

On 28th July 1540 Thomas Cromwell (age 55) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. Earl Essex, Baron Cromwell of Wimbledon in Surrey forfeit. He was buried at St Peter ad Vincula Church, Tower of London [Map].

                    Letters of Thomas Cromwell. 28th July 1540. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl Essex (age 55) Scaffold Speech.
                
                    I am come hither to die, and not to purge my self, as some think peradventure that I will. For if I should so do, I were a very wretch and a Miser. I am by the Law condemned to die, and thank my Lord God, that hath appointed me this death for mine Offence. For sithence the time that I have had years of discretion, I have lived a sinner, and offended my Lord God, for the which I ask him heartily forgiveness. And it is not unknown to many of you, that I have been a great Traveller in this World, and being but of a base degree, was called to high estate, and sithence the time I came thereunto I have offended my Prince, for the which I ask him heartily forgiveness, and beseech you all to pray to God with me, that he will forgive me. And now I pray you that be here, to bear me record, I die in the Catholic Faith, not doubting in any Article of my Faith, no nor doubting in any Sacrament of the Church. Many have slandered me and reported that I have been a bearer of such as have maintained evil Opinions, which is untrue. But I confess, that like as God by his holy Spirit doth instruct us in the Truth, so the Devil is ready to seduce us, and I have been seduced; but bear me witness that I die in the Catholic Faith of the holy Church; and I heartily desire you to pray for the Kings Grace, that he may long live with you in health and prosperity; and that after him his Son Prince Edward that goodly Imp may long Reign over you. And once again I desire you to pray for me, that so long as life remaineth in this flesh, I waver nothing in my Faith.
                
                    O Lord Jesus, which art the only health of all men living, and the everlasting life of them which die in thee; I wretched sinner do submit my self wholly unto thy most blessed will, and being sure that the thing cannot Perish which is committed unto thy mercy, willingly now I leave this frail and wicked flesh, in sure hope that thou wilt in better wise restore it to me again at the last day in the resurrection of the just. I beseech thee most merciful Lord Jesus Christ, that thou wilt by thy grace make strong my Soul against all temptations, and defend me with the Buckler of thy mercy against all the assaults of the Devil. I see and knowledge that there is in my self no hope of Salvation, but all my confidence, hope and trust is in thy most merciful goodness. I have no merits nor good works which I may allege before thee. Of sins and evil works, alas, I see a great heap; but yet through thy mercy I trust to be in the number of them to whom thou wilt not impute their sins; but wilt take and accept me for righteous and just, and to be the inheritor of everlasting life. Thou merciful Lord wert born for my sake, thou didst suffer both hunger and thirst for my sake; thou didst teach, pray, and fast for my sake; all thy holy Actions and Works thou wroughtest for my sake; thou sufferedst most grievous Pains and Torments for my sake; finally, thou gavest thy most precious Body and thy Blood to be shed on the Cross for my sake. Now most merciful Saviour, let all these things profit me, which hast given thy self also for me. Let thy Blood cleanse and wash away the spots and fulness of my sins. Let thy righteousness hide and cover my unrighteousness. Let the merit of thy Passion and blood shedding be satisfaction for my sins. Give me, Lord, thy grace, that the Faith of my salvation in thy Blood waver not in me, but may ever be firm and constant. That the hope of thy mercy and life everlasting never decay in me, that love wax not cold in me. Finally, that the weakness of my flesh be not overcome with the fear of death. Grant me, merciful Saviour, that when death hath shut up the eyes of my Body, yet the eyes of my Soul may still behold and look upon thee, and when death hath taken away the use of my Tongue, yet my heart may cry and say unto thee, Lord into thy hands I commend my Soul, Lord Jesus receive my spirit, Amen.

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Life of Henry VIII by Edward Herbert. And thus the 28 of July [28th July 1540], (being four days after the Dissolution of the Parliament,) he was brought‘to the Tower-Hill, where, after Profession that he would die in the Catholike Faith, his head was cut off; And to this end came Cromwel, who from being but a Blacksmiths son, found means to travel into divers forraign Countries, to learn their Languages, and to see the Wars (being a Souldier of Bourbon at the sacking of Rome); whence returning, he was received into the Cardinal Wolseys service: To whom, he so approved himself, by his fidelity, and diligence, That the King after his fall, voluntarily took him for his servant; in which place,he became a special Instrument for dissolving the Abbeys, and other Religious Houses, and keeping down the Clergy; whom in regard of their Oath to the Pope, he usually termed the Kings half Subjects: And for expelling the Monks, he said it was no more, then a restoring them to the first Inftitution of being lay, and laboring Persons: Neither did it move him, That so much strictness and austerity of life was injoyn'd them in their several Orders, since he said they might keep it, in any condition: But as these Reasons again were not admitted by divers learned and able persons, so he got him many enemies, who at last, procured his fall; but not before he had obtained successively the Dignities of Master of the Rolls, a Baron, b Lord Privy Seal, c Vicegerent to the King in Spiritualities, d Knight of the Garter, e Earl of Essex, Great Chamberlain of England, &c. He was noted in the exercise of his places of Judicature, to have used much moderation; and in his greatest pomp, to have taken notice, and been thankful to mean persons of his old acquaintance, and therein had a vertue which his Master the Cardinal wanted: As for his other descriptions, I leave them to be taken out of Cranmers Letter formerly mentioned, with some deduction; For it seems written to the King, in more then ordinary favour of his ancient service.

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The History of the Reformation Volume 1 Book III. [28th July 1540] And now Cromwell, who had been six weeks a prisoner, was brought to his execution. He had used all the endeavours he could for his own preservation. Once he wrote to the king in such melting terms, that he made the letter to be thrice read, and seemed touched with it. But the charms of Catharine Howard, and the endeavours of the duke of Norfolk and the bishop of Winchester, at length prevailed. So a warrant was sent to cut off his head, on the twenty-eighth of July, at Tower-hill. When he was brought to the scaffold, his kindness to his son made him very cautious in what he said: he declined the purging of himself, but said, "he was by law condemned to die, and thanked God for bringing him to that death for his offences. He acknowledged his sins against God, and his offences against his prince, who had raised him from a base degree. He declared that he died in the catholic faith, not doubting of any article of faith, or of any sacrament of the church; and denied that he had been a supporter of those who delivered iil opinions: he confessed he had been seduced, but now died in the catholic faith, and desired them to pray for the king, and for the prince, and for himself: and then prayed very fervently for the remission of his past sins, and admittance into eternal glory." And having given the sign, the executioner cut off his head very barbarously.

Chronicle of Greyfriars. 28th July 1540 ... and the 28th day of July was he [Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl Essex (age 55)] and Lorde Walter Hungerforthe (age 37) beheaded at Tower Hill, Cromwell for treasone and lord Hungerforthe for buggery.

Grafton's Chronicle. The twentie and eight day of July [1540] as you have heard before in this yeare, was the Lord Cromwell behedded, and with him likewise was behedded the Lorde Hungerford of Heytesburie, which Lorde Hungerford at the time of his death, seemed to be verie unquyet in his minde, and rather in a frensie then otherwise.

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The Deeds of King Henry V, or in Latin Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.

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                    Chronicle of Edward Hall [1496-1548]. And the xxviii. day of July [28th July 1540] was brought to the scaffold on the Tower Hill, where he said these words following.
                
                    I am come hither to die, and not to purge myself, as may happen, some think that I will, for if I should so do, I were a very wretch and miser. I am by the Law condemned to die, and thank my Lord God that hath appointed me this death, for mine offence: For sithence the time that I have had years of discretion, I have lived a sinner, and offended my Lord God, for the which I ask him heartly forgiveness. And it is not unknown to many of you, that I have been a great traveller in this world, and being but of a base degree, was called to high estate, and sithens the time I came thereunto, I have offended my Prince, for the which I ask him heartily forgiveness, and beseech you all to pray to God with me, that he will forgive me. O father forgive me, O son forgive me, O holy ghost forgive me. O three persons in one God forgive me. And now I pray you that be here, to bear me record, I die in the Catholic faith, not doubting in any article of my faith, no nor doubting in any Sacrament of the Church. Many hath slandered me, and reported that I have been a bearer, of such as hath maintained evil opinions, which is untrue, but I confess that like as God by his holy spirit, doth instruct us in the truth, so the devil is ready to seduce us, and I have been seduced: but bear me witness that I die in the Catholic faith of the Holy Church. And I heartly desire you to pray for the King's Grace, that he may long live with you, in health and prosperity. And after him that his son Prince Edward, that goodly imp, may long reign over you. And once again I desire you to pray for me, that so long as life remains in this flesh, I waver nothing in my faith.
                
                    And then made he his prayer, which was long, but not so long, as both Godly and learned, and after committed his soul, into the hands of God, and so patiently suffered the stroke of the axe, by a ragged and butcherly miser, which very ungoodly performed the office.

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Chronicle of Edward Hall [1496-1548]. The twenty and eighth day of July [1540], as you have heard before in this year, was the Lorde Cromwell (age 55) beheaded, and with him likewise was beheaded the Lord Hungerford of Heytesbury (age 37), which certainly at the time of his death, seemed to be very unquiet in mind and rather in a frensy then otherwise.

Wriothesley's Chronicle [1508-1562]. This yeare, the 28th dale of Julie [1540] Sir Thomas Crumwell (age 55), Earle of Essex, was beheaded at the Tower Hill, and Walter Lord named Hungerforde (age 37) was beheaded with him, also for treason of boggery,^d their heades sett on London Bridge, and their bodies were buried within the Tower of London; they were condemned by the whole bodie of this last Perliament,^e Thomas Cromwell for heresie, treason, and fellonie, and extortion.^f

Note d. Lord Hungerford at the hour of his death seemed so unquiet that many judged him rather frenzied than otherwise; he suffered, as it was said, for buggery. Stow.

Note e. The unanimity of Parliament is attested by the entries on the Journals, "Hodie (June 19) lecta est pro secundo et tertio, villa attincturs Thorns Comitis Essex, et communi omnium procerum tunc prssentium concessu, nemine discrepante, expedita est."

Note f. The summary process of an attainder without a trial, which Crumwell had first devised against the aged Countess of Salisbury (age 66), was resorted to against himself. He was declared by his peers a manifold traitor and detestable heretic, but his real crime was having urged his royal master, as a means of advancing his grand Protestant scheme, to solicit the hand of Anne of Cleves.

On 28th July 1608 Maximilian Colt (age 33) was nominated the king's Master Carver.

Battle of Gainsborough

                    On 28th July 1643 the Parliamentary arms commanded by Oliver Cromwell (age 44) and the Royalist army commanded by Charles Cavendish (age 23) fought at the Battle of Gainsborough at North Scarle.
                
                    Charles Cavendish was killed by James Berry. He was buried at Newark on Trent, Nottinghamshire [Map].
                
                    On 4th August 1643 the Royalist Newdigate Poyntz (age 34) died probably from wounds received at the battle.

John Evelyn's Diary. 28th July 1660. I heard his Majesty's (age 30) speech in the Lords' House, on passing the Bills of Tonnage and Poundage; restoration of my Lord Ormond (age 49) to his estate in Ireland; concerning the commission of sewers, and continuance of the excise. In the afternoon I saluted my old friend, the Archbishop of Armagh, formerly of Londonderry (Dr. Bramhall (age 66)). He presented several Irish divines to be promoted as Bishops in that kingdom, most of the Bishops in the three kingdoms being now almost worn out, and the Sees vacant.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 28th July 1660. Early in the morning rose, and a boy brought me a letter from Poet Fisher, who tells me that he is upon a panegyrique of the King, and desired to borrow a piece of me; and I sent him half a piece. To Westminster, and there dined with Mr. Sheply and W. Howe, afterwards meeting with Mr. Henson, who had formerly had the brave clock that went with bullets (which is now taken away from him by the King, it being his goods)¹. I went with him to the Swan [Map] Tavern and sent for Mr. Butler, who was now all full of his high discourse in praise of Ireland, whither he and his whole family are going by Coll. Dillon's (age 33) persuasion, but so many lies I never heard in praise of anything as he told of Ireland. So home late at night and to bed.

Note 1. Some clocks are still made with a small ball, or bullet, on an inclined plane, which turns every minute. The King's (age 30) clocks probably dropped bullets. Gainsborough the painter had a brother who was a dissenting minister at Henley-on-Thames, and possessed a strong genius for mechanics. He invented a clock of a very peculiar construction, which, after his death, was deposited in the British Museum. It told the hour by a little bell, and was kept in motion by a leaden bullet, which dropped from a spiral reservoir at the top of the clock, into a little ivory bucket. This was so contrived as to discharge it at the bottom, and by means of a counter-weight was carried up to the top of the clock, where it received another bullet, which was discharged as the former. This seems to have been an attempt at the perpetual motion.-Gentleman's Magazine, 1785, p. 931. B.

John Evelyn's Diary. 28th July 1662. His Majesty (age 32) going to sea to meet the Queen-Mother (age 52), now coming again for England, met with such ill weather as greatly endangered him. I went to Greenwich, to wait on the Queen (age 23), now landed.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 28th July 1662. So I took leave of her and walked to the waterside, and there took boat for the Tower; hearing that the Queen-Mother (age 52) is come this morning already as high as Woolwich, Kent [Map]: and that my Lord Sandwich (age 37) was with her; at which my heart was glad, and I sent the waterman, though yet not very certain of it, to my wife to carry news thereof to my Lady.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 28th July 1664. All our discourse is of a Dutch warr and I find it is likely to come to it, for they are very high and desire not to compliment us at all, as far as I hear, but to send a good fleete to Guinny to oppose us there. My Lord Sandwich (age 39) newly gone to sea, and I, I think, fallen into his very good opinion again, at least he did before his going, and by his letter since, show me all manner of respect and confidence. I am over-joyed in hopes that upon this month's account I shall find myself worth £1000, besides the rich present of two silver and gilt flaggons which Mr. Gauden did give me the other day. I do now live very prettily at home, being most seriously, quietly, and neatly served by my two mayds Jane and the girle Su, with both of whom I am mightily well pleased.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 28th July 1666. Thence with my Lord to his coach-house, and there put in his six horses into his coach, and he and I alone to Highgate. All the way going and coming I learning of him the principles of Optickes, and what it is that makes an object seem less or bigger and how much distance do lessen an object, and that it is not the eye at all, or any rule in optiques, that can tell distance, but it is only an act of reason comparing of one mark with another, which did both please and inform me mightily. Being come thither we went to my Lord Lauderdale's (age 50) house to speake with him, about getting a man at Leith to joyne with one we employ to buy some prize goods for the King (age 36); we find (him) and his lady (age 54) and some Scotch people at supper. Pretty odd company; though my Lord Bruncker (age 46) tells me, my Lord Lauderdale is a man of mighty good reason and judgement. But at supper there played one of their servants upon the viallin some Scotch tunes only; several, and the best of their country, as they seemed to esteem them, by their praising and admiring them: but, Lord! the strangest ayre that ever I heard in my life, and all of one cast. But strange to hear my Lord Lauderdale say himself that he had rather hear a cat mew, than the best musique in the world; and the better the musique, the more sicke it makes him; and that of all instruments, he hates the lute most, and next to that, the baggpipe.

Marriage of Lady Anne and Prince George

On 28th July 1683 Prince George of Denmark 1st Duke Cumberland (age 30) and Queen Anne of England Scotland and Ireland (age 18) were married at Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. She the daughter of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland (age 49) and Anne Hyde Duchess of York. He the son of Frederick III King Denmark and Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark (age 55). They were second cousin once removed.

John Evelyn's Diary. 28th July 1683. He was married to the Lady Anne (age 18) at Whitehall. Her Court and household to be modeled as the Duke's, her father (age 49), had been, and they to continue in England.

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On 28th July 1740 Martin ffolkes (age 20) died. Grave slab in the Church of St Mary, Hillington [Map]. Arms quartered ffolkes Arms and Hovell Arms differenced with a label three points.

Martin ffolkes: In 1720 he was born to Martin Folkes and Lucretia Bradshaw.

On 28th July 1777 Wilhelm Hesse-Kassel was born to William Elector of Hesse (age 34) and Electress Wilhelmina Caroline Oldenburg (age 30). He a great grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.89%.

Siege of Valciennes

Between 13th June 1793 and 28th July 1793 the French garrison at Valciennes under Jean Henri Becays Ferrand was blockaded by part of the army of Prince Frederick Josias Saxe Coburg Saalfeld (age 55), commanded by the Prince Frederick Hanover Duke of York (age 29).

Battle of Talavera

                    Between 27th July 1809 and 28th July 1809 the Battle of Talavera, part of the Peninsular War, was fought between an Anglo Spanish army commanded by Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke Wellington (age 40) against the French. The French army withdrew at night after several of its attacks had been repulsed. Following the battle Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke Wellington was created 1st Viscount Wellington of Talavera.
                
                    Hugh Gough 1st Viscount Gough (age 29) commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot.
                
                    General Henry Fane (age 30) commanded the 3rd Prince of Wales Dragoon Guards, 4th Queen's Own Dragoons.
                
                    Charles Henry Farrington 2nd Baronet (age 14) fought.

On 28th July 1809 Captain Richard Beckett (age 27) was killed in action at the Battle of Talavera. He has a monument by John Flaxman (age 54) at the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds [Map].

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The Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke. Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The upshot came on the 28th of July, when Shelley (age 21) aided Mary (age 16) [Mary Godwin aka Shelley] to elope from her father's house, Claire Clairmont (age 16) deciding to accompany them. They crossed to Calais, and proceeded across France into Switzerland. Godwin (age 58) and his wife were greatly incensed. Though he and Mary Wollstonecraft had entertained and avowed bold opinions regarding the marriage-bond, similar to Shelley's own, and had in their time acted upon these opinions, it is not clearly made out that Mary Godwin had ever been encouraged by paternal influence to think or do the like. Shelley and she chose to act upon their own likings and responsibility - he disregarding any claim which Harriet had upon him, and Mary setting at nought her father's authority. Both were prepared to ignore the law of the land and the rules of society. The three young people returned to London in September.

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After 28th July 1828. Monument to Edward Lloyd Rowland (deceased)

Edward Lloyd Rowland: Around 1789 he was born. On 28th July 1828 he died.

Greville Memoirs. 28th July 1830. Yesterday Charles Wynn and I settled the dispute between Clive and Charlton about the Ludlow matters. Charlton agrees to retire from the contest both in the Borough and Corporation, and Clive agrees to pay him. £1,125 towards his expenses, and not to oppose the reception of any petition that may be presented to the House of Commons for the purpose of re-opening the question of the right of voting. Both parties are very well satisfied with this termination of their disputes. Met the Chancellor at Lady Ravensworth's breakfast yesterday, who told me he had sent a rejoinder to my letter to Lord Bathurst (age 68) about the proclamations.

On 28th July 1869 Frederick VIII King Denmark (age 26) and Louise of Sweden Queen Consort Denmark (age 17) were married. He the son of King Christian IX of Denmark (age 51) and Queen Louise Hesse-Kassel of Denmark (age 51).

On 28th July 1876 Augusta Boyle (age 74) died. She was buried at Etal Chapel, Northumberland [Map]. The remains of her husband Frederick Fitzclarence, their daughter Augusta Fitzclarence (age 51) were disinterred and buried next to her. Her son-in-law Captain Theodore Williams was subsequently buried at Etal Chapel, Northumberland [Map].

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Augusta Boyle: On 14th August 1801 she was born to George Boyle 4th Earl Glasgow. On 19th May 1821 Frederick Fitzclarence and she were married. He the illegitmate son of King William IV of the United Kingdom and Dorothea Bland aka "Mrs Jordan". In 1856 Augusta Boyle commissioned the building of Etal Chapel, Northumberland [Map]. It was consecrated for worship in 1859. On 28th April 1898 Charles Lindsay Orr-Ewing and she were married. The difference in their ages was 59 years; she, unusually, being older than him.

Frederick Fitzclarence: On 9th December 1799 he was born illegitimately to King William IV of the United Kingdom and Dorothea Bland aka "Mrs Jordan". On 30th October 1854 Frederick Fitzclarence died.

Augusta Fitzclarence: In December 1824 she was born to Frederick Fitzclarence and Augusta Boyle. She a granddaughter of King William IV of the United Kingdom. On 18th October 1885 Augusta Fitzclarence died.

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Henry Chaplin A Memoir: 2 Family and Social Life Part II. By the end of July [1876], Lady Florence had promised to become his wife, and he had every reason to consider himself the happiest of men. His letters to her throughout their engagement give a good picture of his life at this time and, incidentally, not a little insight into both their characters. By her wish it was agreed that the engagement should not be announced until their friends had left London, but secrecy in so large and at the same time intimate a circle was not easy, and on his arrival at Goodwood Mr. Chaplin found that suspicions of the real truth had been already aroused, and not the least in the highest quarter.

At last, you dear One, I have a quiet moment, and I only wish it was to talk to you instead of writing, in that charming little summer-house for instance, where you underwent so many frights on Monday afternoon. Really, what with gardeners, carpenters, artists, and eminent people coming to say good-bye, there is no peace in this life, or little at all events for us that afternoon, and yet I never passed a happier hour in my life. And now I've only escaped with difficulty and no little chaff from the attractions of the smoking-room, to write one line to a certain little lady who is, I hope, sleeping soundly at this moment... and who will perhaps be pleased to get this when she wakes. Dearest, you do not know how much I think of you and how much more to-day. I have had to dissemble—omcious people twice would insist upon congratulating me, but I repelled them with the greatest skill and the most complete discomfiture, though I do say so myself, and yet with perfect truth, putting it all to the fact that our horse was favourite and the winner of the Stewards' Cup.¹ And it is, I think, the perfect happiness which I feel and which you, Dear, have given me, that enables me to do so with a degree of composure which has puzzled all our friends and upset their calculations and their gossip, in a way which if you were here would make you die of laughter. I got here so late to-day that I've really hardly learnt at present who compose the party, but I sat next to Lady Westmoreland (age 41), a dear old friend, at dinner, and I was as little bored upon the whole, as I could expect to be without you. But I was discretion itself, and nothing could induce me, in spite of many flies skilfully thrown, to be drawn for a moment. There were between thirty and forty at dinner, mostly habitués for this H.R.H., evidently fishing, was particular in his week enquiries as to how far I had finished Blankney and volunteering to pay me a visit there whenever I am married, "which you know, my dear Harry, may happen to all of us sooner than we expect". Of course, I expressed my deep sense of the honour he proposed to do me under those most improbable circumstances, but that was all the change he got, and then I went away. And now, I think I must go to bed for it is between two and three, after writing I am afraid as much nonsense or more than you can read. Still, Dear, I could not sleep without a word to you, even though it be on paper only. Perhaps you'll laugh a little at me, perhaps you won't. I think myself that you will sympathise, not laugh, when I tell you once again how much I think of you and how much I love you.

Note 1. The Stewards Cup this year was won by Lord Hartington's chestnut colt Monaco—a four-year-old with 6 st. 7 lbs. The horse won by half a length in a field of 27 runners.

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After 28th July 1914. Memorials to members of the Finch family. First: Top: Louisa Finch (deceased). Bottom: George Finch and Louisa Elizabeth Somerset. Second: Alan George Finch (age 51) and Wilfred Henry Montgomery Finch (age 32). Holy Cross Church, Burley-on-the-Hill [Map].

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On 28th July 1915 Lieutenant Theodore William Warlow (age 20) died from wounds received whilst trying to take a wounded man into safety on 19th July 1915. He was buried at Boulogne Eastern Cemetery. Memorial in All Saints Church, Ledsham [Map].

Lieutenant Theodore William Warlow: Around 1895 he was born to Reverend George Edmund Warlow and Ellen Constance Eiloart. Before 19th July 1915 he was appointed Lieutenant of the 6th Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.

On 28th July 1923 Doreen Buxton Duchess Grafton (age 25) died from childbirth after giving birth to her third child Charles Oliver Edward Fitzroy on 13th July 1923.

Births on the 28th July

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On 28th July 1430 Elizabeth Fitzwalter Baroness Dinham 8th Baroness Fitzwalter was born to Walter Fitzwalter 7th Baron Fitzwalter (age 30).

On 28th July 1516 William La Marck Duke of Jülich Cleves Berg was born to John La Marck III Duke Cleves (age 25) and Maria Jülich Berg Duchess Cleves.

On 28th July 1583 Frances Lennard was born to Samson Lennard Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 39) and Margaret Fiennes 11th Baroness Dacre of Gilsland (age 42).

On 28th July 1622 George Montagu was born to Henry Montagu 1st Earl Manchester (age 59) and Margaret Crouch Countess Manchester (age 17).

On 28th July 1650 Sidney Wortley-Montagu was born to Edward Montagu 1st Earl Sandwich (age 25) and Jemima Crew Countess Sandwich (age 25).

On 28th July 1674 Charles Boyle 4th Earl Cork 4th Earl Orrery was born to Roger Boyle 2nd Earl Orrery (age 27) and Mary Sackville Countess Orrery (age 26).

On 28th July 1674 Oswald Mosley 1st Baronet was born to Oswald Mosley (age 34) and Mary Yates (age 21). He was baptised on 11th August 1674 at the Collegiate Church of St Mary, St Denys and St George, Manchester [Map].

On 28th July 1676 Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg was born to Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg I Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg (age 30) and Duchess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe Gotha Altenburg (age 27) at Gotha.

On 28th July 1679 James Grant 6th Baronet was born to Ludovick Grant of Freuchie and Grant.

On 28th July 1747 Ralph Milbanke aka Noel 6th Baronet was born to Ralph Milbanke 5th Baronet (age 22).

On 28th July 1758 John West 4th Earl De La Warr was born to John West 2nd Earl De La Warr (age 29).

On 28th July 1775 Hussey Vivian 1st Baron Vivian was born to John Vivian of Truro (age 25) and Betsey Cranch.

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On 28th July 1783 George Chetwynd 2nd Baronet was born to George Chetwynd 1st Baronet (age 44).

On 28th July 1791 Emma Sophie Edgecumbe Countess Brownlow was born to Richard Edgecumbe 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (age 26) and Sophia Hobart Countess Mount Edgcumbe (age 23) in Portugal Street.

On 28th July 1794 Archbishop Charles Longley was born in Rochester, Kent [Map].

On 28th July 1812 George Augustus Frederick Liddell was born to Thomas Liddell 1st Baron Ravensworth (age 37) and Maria Susannah Simpson Baroness Calthorpe (age 39).

On 28th July 1814 Major-General Caledon Richard Egerton was born to Philip Egerton 9th Baronet (age 47) and Rebecca Du Pre Lady Egerton (age 34).

On 28th July 1814 Eleanor Isabel Bridget Ashburnham was born to George Ashburnham 3rd Earl Ashburnham (age 53) and Charlotte Percy Countess Ashburham (age 38).

On 28th July 1826 William Bateman-Hanbury 2nd Baron Bateman was born to William Bateman-Hanbury 1st Baron Bateman (age 46).

On 14th June 1828 Caroline Amelia Grosvenor Baroness Leigh was born to Richard Grosvenor 2nd Marquess Westminster (age 33) and Elizabeth Mary Leveson-Gower Marchioness Westminster (age 31). She was baptised at St Mary's Church, Eccleston [Map] on 28th July 1828.

On 28th July 1847 James Ludovic Lindsay 26th Earl of Crawford 9th Earl of Balcarrie was born to Alexander Lindsay 8th Earl Balcarres 25th Earl of Crawford (age 34) and Margaret Lindsay.

On 28th July 1851 James Roche 3rd Baron Fermoy was born to Edmund Roche 1st Baron Fermoy (age 35) and Elizabeth Caroline Boothby (age 29).

On 28th July 1860 Gwendolen Gascoyne-Cecil was born to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury (age 30) and Georgina Anderson (age 33).

On 28th July 1863 Archibald James Leofric Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood was born to Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (age 37).

On 28th July 1867 Harriet Castalia Godolphin Osborne was born to George Godolphin Osborne 9th Duke Leeds (age 38) and Fanny Georgiana Pitt-Rivers Duchess Leeds (age 30). Coefficient of inbreeding 3.94%.

On 28th July 1872 John Bennet Lawes-Wittewronge 3rd Baronet was born to Charles Bennet Lawes-Wittewronge 2nd Baronet (age 28) and Marie Amelie Rose Fountaine Lady Lawes (age 23). Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%.

On 28th July 1882 Nicholas Mosley was born to Tonman Mosley 1st Baron Anslow (age 32) and Hilda Rose Montgomerie Baroness Anslow.

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On 28th July 1887 Kathleen Lowry-Corry was born to Somerset Lowry-Corry 4th Earl Belmore (age 52) and Anne Elizabeth Honoria Gladstone (age 45).

On 28th July 1890 Beatrix Elinor Paul Baroness Aldenham and Hunsdon was born to Herbert Woodfield Paul (age 37).

On 28th July 1918 Rowland Baring 3rd Earl of Cromer was born to Rowland Baring 2nd Earl Cromer (age 40) and Ruby Florence Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound Countess Cromer (age 31).

On 28th July 1921 Charles Bennett 9th Earl of Tankerville was born to Charles Bennet 8th Earl of Tankerville (age 23).

On 28th July 1924 Francis Curzon 3rd Viscount Scarsdale was born to Francis Nathaniel Curzon (age 59) and Winifred Phyllis Combe.

On 28th July 1948 Mary Annunziata Asquith was born to Julian Asquith 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith (age 32) and Anne Palairet Countess of Oxford and Asquith (age 31).

Marriages on the 28th July

Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard

                    On 28th July 1540 Henry VIII (age 49) and Catherine Howard (age 17) were married at Oatlands Palace [Map] by Bishop of London Edmund Bonner (age 40). She by marriage Queen Consort England. The difference in their ages was 31 years. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. They were fifth cousin once removed.
                
                    Catherine Carey (age 16) and Eleanor Paston Countess Rutland (age 45) were appointed Lady in Waiting to Queen Catherine Howard of England.
                
                    The date of the marriage derived from the .

Marriage of Lady Anne and Prince George

On 28th July 1720 John Dolben 2nd Baronet (age 36) and Elizabeth Digby Lady Dolben were married.

On 28th July 1720 Anthony Browne 6th Viscount Montagu (age 34) and Barbara Webb Viscountess Montague (age 23) were married. She by marriage Viscountess Montagu. They were second cousin once removed.

On 28th July 1755 Henry Oxenden 6th Baronet (age 33) and Margaret Chudleigh Lady Oxenden (age 31) were married at Westminster Abbey [Map].

On 28th July 1773 Joseph Wright of Derby (age 38) and Hannah Swift were married.

On 28th July 1789 John Campbell 1st Baron Cawdor (age 36) and Isabella Caroline Howard Baroness Cawdor (age 18) were married. She the daughter of Frederick Howard 5th Earl Carlisle (age 41) and Margaret Caroline Leveson-Gower Countess Carlisle.

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The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, a canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: "In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed." Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback.

On 28th July 1805 George Hamilton-Gordon 4th Earl Aberdeen (age 21) and Catherine Elizabeth Hamilton Countess Aberdeen (age 21) were married. She by marriage Countess Aberdeen. She the daughter of John Hamilton 1st Marquess Abercorn (age 49) and Catherine Moyle Marchioness Abercorn.

On 28th July 1806 Henry Monck 1st Earl of Rathdowne (age 21) and Frances Mary Trench (age 18) were married. She the daughter of William Trench 1st Earl of Clancarty.

On 28th July 1806 Charles Augustus Bennet 5th Earl Tankerville (age 30) and Corisande Armandine Sophie Léonie Hélène Gramont Countess Tankerville (age 23) were married at Devonshire House. She the daughter of Antoine 8th Duke Gramont (age 50) and Aglae de Polignac "Guichette" Duchess Gramont. He the son of Charles Bennet 4th Earl Tankerville (age 62) and Emma Colebrooke Countess Tankerville (age 54).

On 28th July 1836 Edward Seymour 11th Duke of Somerset (age 61) and Margaret Shaw Stewart Duchess Somerset were married at Marylebone. She by marriage Duchess Somerset. He the son of Webb Seymour 10th Duke of Somerset and Anne Maria Bonnell Duchess Somerset.

On 28th July 1845 Horatio Nelson 3rd Earl Nelson (age 21) and Mary Jane Agar Countess Nelson (age 23) were married at St George's Church, Hanover Square. She the daughter of Welbore Ellis Agar 2nd Earl Normanton (age 67) and Diana Herbert Countess Normanton. He the son of Thomas Bolton aka Nelson 2nd Earl Nelson.

On 28th July 1881 Edward Hamilton Seymour 16th Duke of Somerset (age 21) and Rowena Wall Duchess Somerset (age 20) were married.

On 28th July 1883 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound 4th Earl Minto (age 38) and Mary Caroline Grey Countess Minto (age 25) were married. He the son of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound 3rd Earl Minto (age 69) and Emma Eleanor Elizabeth Hislop.

On 28th July 1884 Valentine Cameron Prinsep (age 46) and Florence Leyland (age 24) were married at St George's Church, Hanover Square. The difference in their ages was 21 years.

On 28th July 1886 Paul César Helleu (age 26) and Alice Guérin (age 16) were married.

On 28th July 1909 George Francis Cradock-Hartopp 8th Baronet (age 39) and Ethel Caroline Jane Wellesley Lady Cradock-Hartopp were married.

On 28th July 1949 Anthony FitzClarence 7th Earl of Munster (age 23) and Louise Delvigne Countess Munster were married. He the son of Edward FitzClarence 6th Earl of Munster (age 49) and Monica Sheila Grayson.

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On 28th July 1953 Robert Renwick 1st Baron Renwick (age 48) and Edith Joan Clarke Baroness Renwick were married.

Deaths on the 28th July

On 28th July 1094 William Bertrand Arles 5th Count Provence died.

On 28th July 1255 Eva de Braose (age 28) died.

On 28th July 1271 Walter Burgh 1st Earl of Ulster (age 41) died at County Galway. His son Richard (age 12) succeeded 2nd Earl of Ulster.

On 28th July 1397 John Strange 6th Baron Strange Knockin (age 46) died at Whitchurch, Shropshire. His son Richard (age 15) succeeded 7th Baron Strange Knockin.

On 28th July 1472 Gaston IV Count Foix (age 49) died.

On 28th July 1522 William Hay 5th Earl Erroll (age 27) died. His son William (age 1) succeeded 6th Earl Erroll.

Execution of Thomas Cromwell

On 28th July 1585 Francis Russell 2nd Earl Bedford (age 58) died. His grandson Edward (age 12) succeeded 3rd Earl Bedford, 3rd Baron Russell of Cheneys.

Battle of Gainsborough

                    On 28th July 1643 the Parliamentary arms commanded by Oliver Cromwell (age 44) and the Royalist army commanded by Charles Cavendish (age 23) fought at the Battle of Gainsborough at North Scarle.
                
                    Charles Cavendish was killed by James Berry. He was buried at Newark on Trent, Nottinghamshire [Map].
                
                    On 4th August 1643 the Royalist Newdigate Poyntz (age 34) died probably from wounds received at the battle.

On 28th July 1648 Bridget Grey Lady Egerton and Oulton died. She was buried at Farthinghoe, Northamptonshire.

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On 28th July 1667 Abraham Cowley (age 49) died in Porch House. He was buried in Westminster Abbey [Map] where John Sheffield 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (age 19) subsequently commissioned a monument.

On 28th July 1685 Henry Bennet 1st Earl Arlington (age 67) died. His daughter Isabella (age 17) succeeded 2nd Countess Arlington, 2nd Viscountess Thetford, 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex and 2nd Baroness Arlington of Arlington in Middlesex.

On 28th July 1714 Thomas Thynne 1st Viscount Weymouth (age 74) died. His great nephew Thomas (age 4) succeeded 2nd Viscount Weymouth, 2nd Baron Thynne of Warminster in Wiltshire, 3rd Baronet Thynne of Kempsford in Gloucestershire.

On 28th July 1727 William Greville 7th Baron Brooke (age 32) died at Poland Street Soho. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Warwick [Map]. His son Francis (age 7) succeeded 8th Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court in Warwickshire.

On 28th July 1758 George Henry Hay 8th Earl Kinnoull (age 69) died in Ashford, Surrey. His son Thomas (age 48) succeeded 9th Earl Kinnoull, 2nd Baron Hay of Pedwardine in Herefordshire.

On 28th July 1767 William Kerr 3rd Marquess Lothian (age 77) died. His son William (age 57) succeeded 4th Marquess Lothian. Caroline Darcy Marchioness Lothian by marriage Marchioness Lothian.

On 28th July 1781 Richard Wolseley 2nd Baronet (age 52) died. His son William (age 6) succeeded 3rd Baronet Wolseley of Mount Wolseley in County Carlow.

Battle of Talavera

On 28th July 1840 John "Radical Jack" Lambton 1st Earl Durham (age 48) died at Cowes, Isle of Wight. He was buried at St Mary and St Cuthbert Church, Chester-le-Street. His son George (age 11) succeeded 2nd Earl Durham.

On 28th July 1840 Lewen Powell Glyn 3rd Baronet (age 38) died. His brother George (age 35) succeeded 4th Baronet Glyn of Ewell in Surrey. Henrietta Amelia Glyn Lady Glyn by marriage Lady Glyn of Ewell in Surrey.

On 28th July 1859 Robert Sherard 6th Earl Harborough (age 61) died. Earl Harborough, Viscount Sherard and Baron Sherard of Harborough extinct. His fifth cousin Henry (age 55) succeeded 9th Baron Sherard of Leitrim.

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On 28th July 1863 Constantine Phipps 1st Marquess Normanby (age 66) died. His son George (age 44) succeeded 2nd Marquess Normanby, 3rd Earl Mulgrave, 3rd Viscount Normanby, 5th Baron Mulgrave of New Ross in Wexford and 3rd Baron Mulgrave. Laura Russell Marchioness Normanby (age 47) by marriage Marchioness Normanby.

On 28th July 1894 Charles Stewart Hardinge 2nd Viscount Hardinge (age 71) died. His son Henry (age 36) succeeded 3rd Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton in Derbyshire. Mary Frances Neville Marchioness Abergavenny (age 25) by marriage Viscountess Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton in Derbyshire.

On 28th July 1895 Edward Joseph Bellew 2nd Baron Bellew (age 65) died at Kaiserhof, Frankfurt-am-Main-Bad Mannheim. His son Charles (age 40) succeeded 3rd Baron Bellew of Barmeath in Louth, 9th Baronet Bellew of Barmeath in Louth. Mildred Mary Josephine de Trafford Baroness Bellow (age 39) by marriage Baroness Bellew of Barmeath in Louth.

On 28th July 1915 Francis Needham 3rd Earl of Kilmorey (age 72) died at his home 5 Aldford Street, Mayfair.

On 28th July 1921 William Lehman Ashmead-Bartlett Baron Burdett-Coutts (age 70) died.

On 28th July 1922 Adele Beach Grant Countess Essex (age 55) died. She had a heart attack whilst in her bath at her home 72 Brook Street, New York see Obituary, New York Times.

On 28th July 1978 Peregrine Cust 6th Baron Brownlow (age 79) died. His son Edward (age 42) succeeded 7th Baron Brownlow of Belton in Lincolnshire, 10th Baronet Cust of Stamford in Lincolnshire, and inherited Belton House [Map].

On 28th July 1987 Anthony Owen Clavering Trollope 16th Baronet (age 70) died. His son Anthony (age 41) succeeded 17th Baronet Trollope of Casewick in Lincolnshire.

On 28th July 1997 Ian George Eden 9th Baron Auckland (age 71) died. His son Robert (age 35) succeeded 10th Baron Auckland of West Auckland.

On 28th July 1997 Geoffrey Vavasour 5th Baronet (age 82) died. His second cousin once removed Eric (age 44) succeeded 6th Baronet Vavasour of Hazlewood in Yorkshire.

On 28th July 1999 Ben Charles Wilson 4th Baron Nunburnholme (age 71) died. His brother Charles (age 64) succeeded 5th Baron Nunburnholme.

On 28th July 2013 Charles John Buckworth-Herne-Soame 12th Baronet (age 81) died. His son Richard (age 42) succeeded 13th Baronet Buckworth-Herne-Soame of Sheen in Surrey.