Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes

Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.

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Biography of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury 1861-1947

Paternal Family Tree: Cecil

On 11th July 1857 [his father] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil [aged 27] and [his mother] Georgina Anderson [aged 30] were married. He the son of [his grandfather] James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil 2nd Marquess Salisbury [aged 66] and [his grandmother] Frances Mary Gascoyne Marchioness Salisbury.

On 23rd October 1861 James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury was born to [his father] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury [aged 31] and [his mother] Georgina Anderson [aged 34].

On 12th April 1868 [his grandfather] James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil 2nd Marquess Salisbury [aged 76] died. His son [his father] Robert [aged 38] succeeded 3rd Marquess Salisbury in Wiltshire, 9th Earl Salisbury. [his mother] Georgina Anderson [aged 41] by marriage Marchioness Salisbury in Wiltshire.

On 27th October 1883 [his brother-in-law] William Palmer 2nd Earl Selborne [aged 24] and [his sister] Beatrix Maud Gascoyne-Cecil Countess Selborne [aged 25] were married. She the daughter of [his father] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury [aged 53] and [his mother] Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury [aged 56]. He the son of Roundell Palmer 1st Earl Selborne [aged 70] and Laura Waldegrave Countess Selborne [aged 62].

On 17th May 1887 James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 25] and Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 19] were married. She the daughter of Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran [aged 48] and Edith Jocelyn. He the son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury [aged 57] and Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury [aged 60].

On 22nd January 1889 [his brother] Edgar Gascoyne-Cecil 1st Viscount Cecil [aged 24] and [his sister-in-law] Eleanor Lambton Viscountess Cecil [aged 21] were married. She the daughter of George Frederick D'Arcy Lambton 2nd Earl Durham and Beatrix Frances Hamilton Countess Durham. He the son of [his father] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury [aged 58] and [his mother] Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury [aged 62].

On 10th August 1891 [his daughter] Beatrice Edith Mildred Gascoyne-Cecil Baroness Harlech was born to James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 29] and [his wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 24]. She married 12th April 1913 George Arthur Ormsby-Gore 4th Baron Harlech, son of Ralph Ormsby-Gore 3rd Baron Harlech and Margaret Ethel Gordon Baroness Harlech, and had issue.

On 27th August 1893 [his son] Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil 5th Marquess Salisbury was born to James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 31] and [his wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 26]. He married 8th December 1915 Elizabeth Vere Cavendish Marchioness Salisbury and had issue.

On 4th May 1895 Roundell Palmer 1st Earl Selborne [aged 82] died. His son [his brother-in-law] William [aged 35] succeeded 2nd Earl Selborne, 2nd Viscount Wolmer of Blackmoor in Hampshire, 2nd Baron Selborne of Selborne in Hampshire. [his sister] Beatrix Maud Gascoyne-Cecil Countess Selborne [aged 37] by marriage Countess Selborne.

William of Worcester's Chronicle of England

William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.

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On 29th July 1895 [his daughter] Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil Duchess Devonshire was born to James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 33] and [his wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 28]. She married 1917 Edward William Spencer Cavendish 10th Duke Devonshire, son of Victor Christian William Cavendish 9th Duke Devonshire and Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice Duchess Devonshire, and had issue.

On 20th November 1899 [his mother] Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury [aged 72] died.

On 14th March 1901 [his father-in-law] Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran [aged 62] died. His son [his brother-in-law] Arthur [aged 32] succeeded 6th Earl Arran, 5th Viscount Sudley of Castle Gore in County Mayo, 5th Baron Saunders of Deeps in County Wexford, 7th Baronet Gore of Newtown in County Mayo.

On 9th April 1902 [his son] Edward Christian David Gascoyne-Cecil was born to James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 40] and [his wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 34].

On 16th August 1902 [his brother-in-law] Arthur Gore 6th Earl of Arran [aged 33] and Maud Jacqueline Marie Beauclerk van Kattendyke Countess of Arran were married. She by marriage Countess Arran. He the son of [his father-in-law] Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran and Edith Jocelyn.

On 22nd August 1903 [his father] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury [aged 73] died. Monument at St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield [Map] by William Goscombe John [aged 43]. His son James [aged 41] succeeded 4th Marquess Salisbury in Wiltshire, 10th Earl Salisbury. [his wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 36] by marriage Marchioness Salisbury in Wiltshire. Note the St George Pendant signifying his being a Knight of the Garter.

Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury: On 15th July 1867 she was born to Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran and Edith Jocelyn. On 17th May 1887 James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury and she were married. She the daughter of Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran and Edith Jocelyn. He the son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury and Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury. On 5th February 1955 Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury died.

The Times. 22nd June 1910. LORD ACHESON [aged 33] AND MISS CARTER [aged 22].

The marriage of Viscount Acheson, elder son of the Earl [aged 68] and Countess of Gosford [aged 54], and Miss Mildred Carter, only daughter of Mr. J. Ridgely Carter [aged 46], American Minister to Rumania, and Mrs. Ridgely Carter [aged 45], took place yesterday at St. George's, Hanover-square. The Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal (the Rev. Edgar Sheppard, D.D.) performed the ceremony, assisted by the Rev. David Anderson and other clergy, and Mr. Ridgely Carter gave his daughter away. She wore a very simple wedding gown of soft white satin with a long train draped with old point de Venise, and a Venetian lace cap over a spray of myrtle and orange blossom, covered by a plain tulle veil. Master David Stanley, Master Julian Ward, and Miss Diana Roberts, dressed all in white, followed the bride, and there were seven bridesmaids, Lady Theo Acheson [aged 28] (sister of the bridegroom), Lady Victoria Stanley, Mlle. Irene deo La Grange, Miss Canilla Morgan, the Hon. Rhoda Astley, Miss Elsie Nicholl, and Miss Marian Scranton, who wore white chiffon dresses with draped bodices and wreaths of myrtle beneath tulle veils. They also wore diamond neckislides and carried loose bunches of red roses. The Hon. Patrick Acheson [aged 26] was best man to his brother.

Mrs. Ridgely Carter afterwards held a large reception at Dorchester House (lent by the American Ambassador and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid), and among the many who came on from the church were the French, Russian, German, Spanish, and Italian Ambassadors, the Danish Minister, tho Rumanian Minister, the Swedish Minister and Countess Wrangel, Mme. Dominguez, the Servian Charge d'Affaires and Mme. Grouitel, the Chilian Minister and Mme. Gana, the Belgian Minister and Countess de Lalaing, the Duke [aged 63] and Duchess of Somerset [aged 57], Katharine Duchess of Westminster [aged 53] and Lady Helen Grosvenor [aged 22], Prince and Princess Alexis Dolgorouki, the Marquis and Marchioness of Hamilton, the Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Marquis [aged 48] and [his wife] Marchioness of Salisbury [aged 42], the Marchioness of Anglesey [aged 26], the Countess of Powis [aged 45], the Earl [aged 56] and Countess of Chesterfield, the Countess of Kintore and Lady Hilda Keith-Falconer, the Earl and Countess of Gosford, Prince and Princess Frederick Liechtenstein, the Countess of Kimberley, Countess Grey, the Marquis d'Hautpoul, the Countess of Leicester [aged 54] and Lady Bridget Coke [aged 19], the Earl [aged 41] and Countess of Craven [aged 38], the Earl of Desart, Countess Fritz Hochberg, the Earl and Countess of Meath, the Countess of Bilmorey, the Countess of Londesborough [aged 49] and Lady Irene Denison [aged 19], the Earl and Countess of Derby [aged 70], the Earl [aged 51] and Countess of Yarborough, Ellen Lady Inchiquin and the Hon Lilah O'Brien, Lord and Lady Charles Beresford, Lord and Lady Leith of Fyvie, Lady Saltoun, Baroness Nunburnholme [aged 30], Baroness Newborough, Sir John and Lady Lister-Raye, Lord and Lady Monson, Lord and Baroness Savile, Lady Rothschild, Viscount and Viscountess AIdleton, Lady Alexander Paget, Lady Harcourt, Lady Desborough, Lord Suffield, Sir Herbert and Lady Jekyll and Miss Jekyll, the Hon. Sir Francis and Baroness Ufford and Miss Viliers, Lady Heien Vincent, Lord Knaresborough and the Hon. Helen Meysey-Thompson, Lady Pauncefote, Lord and Lady Weardale, Lady Grace Baring, Lord Strathcona, Lady Margaret Graham and Miss Graham, Sir Francis and Lady Channing, Mary Baroness Gerard, Baroness Manners and the Hon. Misses Manners, Lady Edward Cavendish, Mme. Langenbach, Lord Revelstoke, the Countess of Bessborough [aged 84] and Ladv Gweneth Ponsonby [aged 22], Lord Aberdare and the Hon. Eva Bruce, the Hon. Harry and Mrs. Lawson, Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin, Mrs. F. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Arthur James, Mrs. Walter Burns, Mrs. Lewis Harcourt, Mrs. Lowther and Miss Lokther, Mine. Vagliano, Captain and Mrs. Clonman, Miss Ralli, Mr. William Giuett, Mrs: Hwfa Williams, the Hon. Mrs. Derek Keppel, Mr. William Phillips, Mrs. Frank D'Arcy, the Hon. Lady Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Sassoon, Sir Bartle Frere, Mme. de Bille, Mrs. Featherstonhaugh, Mrs. Cotton Jodrell, Mrs. Frank Mackay, the Hon. Urs. Charles Lawrence, the Hon. Mrs. Rochfort Maguire, Lady Barrymore, Mrs. Chauncey, and Mrs. Ronalds.

Lord and Lady Acheson left later in the afternoon for the Continent, the bride travelling in a dress of grey chiffon and a large hat swathed in tulle to match the dress.

A list of the principal wedding presents was published in The Times yesterday.

On 12th April 1913 [his son-in-law] George Arthur Ormsby-Gore 4th Baron Harlech [aged 28] and Beatrice Edith Mildred Gascoyne-Cecil Baroness Harlech [aged 21] were married. She the daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 51] and Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 45].

On 8th December 1915 Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil 5th Marquess Salisbury [aged 22] and Elizabeth Vere Cavendish Marchioness Salisbury [aged 20] were married. He the son of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 54] and Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 48].

In 1917 James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 55] was appointed 858th Knight of the Garter by King George V of the United Kingdom [aged 51].

Adam Murimuth's Continuation and Robert of Avesbury’s 'The Wonderful Deeds of King Edward III'

This volume brings together two of the most important contemporary chronicles for the reign of Edward III and the opening phases of the Hundred Years’ War. Written in Latin by English clerical observers, these texts provide a vivid and authoritative window into the political, diplomatic, and military history of fourteenth-century England and its continental ambitions. Adam Murimuth Continuatio's Chronicarum continues an earlier chronicle into the mid-fourteenth century, offering concise but valuable notices on royal policy, foreign relations, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its annalistic structure makes it especially useful for establishing chronology and tracing the development of events year by year. Complementing it, Robert of Avesbury’s De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi tertii is a rich documentary chronicle preserving letters, treaties, and official records alongside narrative passages. It is an indispensable source for understanding Edward III’s claim to the French crown, the conduct of war, and the mechanisms of medieval diplomacy. Together, these works offer scholars, students, and enthusiasts a reliable and unembellished account of a transformative period in English and European history. Essential for anyone interested in medieval chronicles, the Hundred Years’ War, or the reign of Edward III.

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In 1917 [his son-in-law] Edward William Spencer Cavendish 10th Duke Devonshire [aged 21] and Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil Duchess Devonshire [aged 21] were married. She the daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 55] and Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 49]. He the son of Victor Christian William Cavendish 9th Duke Devonshire [aged 48] and Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice Duchess Devonshire [aged 46].

In 1920 James, 4th Marquis of Salisbury [aged 58] presented a stained glass window to St Etheldred's Church [Map], in memory of his three nephews, the dedication reads "To the glory of god and in memory of Rupert Edward Gascoyne Cecil born Jan 20th 1895 killed in action July 11th 1915 and of Randle William Gascoyne Cecil born Novr 28th 1889 killed in action Dec 1st 1917 and of John Arthur Gascoyne Cecil born March 28th 1893 killed in action August 27th 1918 I look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come".

Lieutenant Rupert Edward Gascoyne-Cecil: On 20th January 1895 he was born to Bishop Rupert Gascoyne-Cecil and Florence Bootle Wibraham.

Randle William Gascoyne-Cecil: On 28th November 1889 he was born to Bishop Rupert Gascoyne-Cecil and Florence Bootle Wibraham. On 31st May 1913 Randle William Gascoyne-Cecil left Liverpool on the SS Mauretania, arriving in the USA on 16th June, with his declared occupation a journalist and final destination of Vancouver. He was subsequently recorded as arriving in Quebec on the 24th Jun 1914, which was only 8 days after he had been married - He married, Dorothy May Janaway, daughter of Edward Janaway, on 16 June 1914. On 1st December 1917 Randle William Gascoyne-Cecil was killed in action. The Herts. Advertiser of 15th December 1917, reported: "Captain R. W. Cecil. Bishop's son killed in action. Much sympathy will be felt for Lord Wm. Cecil, Bishop of Exeter, and Lady Florence Cecil, in the sorrow that has befallen them in the death in action of their eldest son, Captain Randle William Cecil. The letter from an army chaplain conveying the sad information reads: 'On Nov. 30th and Dec. 1st there was very heavy fighting in a village recently captured from the Germans when your son's trench mortars were put out of action. He very gallantly went to the assistance of the infantry who were hard pressed, and was given the command of a company. On the Saturday the village was shelled with extreme violence and a shell practically hit your son (his men report) killing him instantly.'"

Captain John Arthur Gascoyne-Cecil: On 28th March 1893 he was born to Bishop Rupert Gascoyne-Cecil and Florence Bootle Wibraham. On 27th August 1918 Captain John Arthur Gascoyne-Cecil was killed in action.

In 1929 [his brother-in-law] Arthur Gore 6th Earl of Arran [aged 60] and Lilian Constance Quick Countess of Arran were married. She by marriage Countess Arran. He the son of [his father-in-law] Arthur Saunders Gore 5th Earl Arran and Edith Jocelyn.

On 4th April 1947 James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury [aged 85] died. His son Robert [aged 53] succeeded 5th Marquess Salisbury in Wiltshire, 11th Earl Salisbury. Elizabeth Vere Cavendish Marchioness Salisbury [aged 52] by marriage Marchioness Salisbury in Wiltshire.

On 5th February 1955 [his former wife] Cicely Anne Gore Marchioness Salisbury [aged 87] died.

Royal Ancestors of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury 1861-1947

Kings Wessex: Great x 22 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 19 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 23 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 20 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 23 Grand Son of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 12 Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Kings Scotland: Great x 21 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland

Kings Franks: Great x 29 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Kings France: Great x 22 Grand Son of Hugh I King of the Franks

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 26 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Ancestors of James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury 1861-1947

Great x 4 Grandfather: James Cecil 4th Earl Salisbury 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: James Cecil 5th Earl Salisbury 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Frances Bennett Countess of Salisbury

Great x 2 Grandfather: James Cecil 6th Earl of Salisbury 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Tufton 6th Earl of Thanet 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Tufton Countess of Salisbury 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward IV of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Cavendish Countess Isle Thanet 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward IV of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: James Cecil 1st Marquess Salisbury 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Edward Keet of Canterbury

Great x 2 Grandmother: Elizabeth Keet Countess of Salisbury

GrandFather: James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil 2nd Marquess Salisbury 10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Michael Hill

Great x 3 Grandfather: Trevor Hill 1st Viscount Hillsborough

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Trevor

Great x 2 Grandfather: Wills Hill 1st Marquess Downshire

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Amelia Hill Marchioness Salisbury 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Fitzgerald 7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Fitzgerald 19th Earl of Kildare 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Clotworthy

Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaretta Fitzgerald 9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William O'Brien 3rd Earl Inchiquin 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary O'Brien Countess Kildare 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Villiers Countess Inchiquin 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England

Father: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess Salisbury 11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Crisp Gascoyne

Great x 2 Grandfather: Bamber Gascoigne "The Elder"

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Bamber of Mincing Lane

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Bamber

Great x 1 Grandfather: Bamber "The Younger" Gascoyne

Great x 3 Grandfather: Issac Green of Lancashire

Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Green

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Aspinwall

GrandMother: Frances Mary Gascoyne Marchioness Salisbury

Great x 2 Grandfather: Chase Price

Great x 1 Grandmother: Sarah Bridget Frances Price

Great x 4 Grandfather: George Evelyn

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Evelyn Glanville

Great x 2 Grandmother: Susan Evelyn

James Gascoyne-Cecil 4th Marquess Salisbury 12 x Great Grand Son of King Edward IV of England

Mother: Georgina Alderson Marchioness of Salisbury