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Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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25 Mar is in March.
1306 Coronation of Robert the Bruce
1462 Vere Plot to Murder Edward IV
14th March 1471 King Edward lands at Ravenspur
1655 Discovery of Saturn's Moon Titan
1807 Opening of the First Passenger Railway
25 Mar is "Lady Day" aka the Feast of the Annunciation ie the visit of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, during which he informed her that she would be the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
25 Mar was New Year's Day until the 1752 Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar when New Year changed to the 1st of January.
25 Mar is the Feast of the Annunciation aka Lady Day. Under the Julian Calendar the year started on 25 March. In 1750 the start of the year was changed to the Gregorian Calendar which used 01 Jan as the start of the year. At that time the calendar was adjusted to fix the error in the Julian Calendar. Eleven days were lost. The tax year, and rents, and other legal instruments that relied on the calendar were not adjusted hence our tax year now starting on 06 Apr.
On 25th March 708 Pope Constantine I (age 44) was appointed Pope.
On 25th March 1157 Alfonso II King Aragon was born to Raymond V Count Barcelona (age 43) and Petronilla Jiménez Queen Aragon (age 20) at Huesca. He married his half third cousin once removed Sancha Ivrea Queen Consort Aragon, daughter of Alfonso VII King Castile VII King Leon and Richeza Unknown Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon, and had issue.
Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden. 25th March 1194. However, those who were inside Nottingham Castle did not send any of their men to meet the king. Because of this, the king, enraged, arrived at Nottingham on the Feast of the Annunciation (March 25), which fell on a Friday, with such a great multitude of men, accompanied by the sound of trumpets and horns, that those inside the castle, upon hearing and seeing this, were astonished, thrown into confusion, and deeply shaken. Fear seized them, yet they still could not believe that the king himself had come; they hoped that the entire spectacle had been staged by the leaders of the army merely to deceive them. The king, meanwhile, took up lodging near the castle, so close that the archers inside shot arrows at his men right at his feet. Enraged, the king armed himself and his army to assault the castle, and a fierce battle broke out between his forces and the castle's defenders. Many on both sides were wounded or killed. During the fight, the king himself shot an arrow and killed a knight. At last, the king gained the upper hand, driving the defenders back inside the castle. He then seized some of the fortifications they had built in front of the gates and burned down the outer doors.
Illi autem qui in castello de Notingham erant, non miserunt quenquam suorum obviam regi. Unde rex iratus venit ad Notingham, die Annunciationis Dominice, feria sexta, cum tanta hominum multitudine, et sonitu tubarum et buccinum, quod illi qui in castello erant, audientes hoc et videntes, admirati sunt, conturbati sunt, commoti sunt; tremor apprehendit eos: et tamen credere non poterant quod rex venisset, sed sperabant ® totum hoc factum fuisse a principibus exercitus ad illudendum eis. Rex vero hospitatus est prope castellum; ita quod sagittarii de castello sagittabant homines regis ante pedes ejus. Unde rex iratus armavit se et exercitum suum ad faciendum insultum in castellum; et factus conflictus multus inter illos et homines castelli; et multi ceciderunt ex utraque parte vulnerati et mortui. Rex vero interfecit sagitta unum militem. Prevaluit itaque rex, et retrusis illis in castellum, cepit quasdam præparationes quas fecerant ante portas, et portas exteriores combussit.
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Chronicum Anglicanum by Ralph Coggeshall. The king therefore, having taken the castle of Earl Robert de Vere at Hedingham1, hastened to distribute gifts to his hired soldiers so that he might at once lay siege to London. But when this became known to the Londoners, they opened all the gates of the city, ready to engage the king in battle if he should come within ten leagues of the city. The king, however, learning of their boldness, their numbers, and their skill at arms, withdrew himself from the danger of making trial of them. Yet Savaric de Mauléon, being unexpectedly caught in battle by the Londoners, lost many of his men and was himself so severely struck and wounded that he was almost killed. The men of the north also, regaining their strength, besieged York and, attacking it fiercely, at length, after receiving more than a thousand marks, granted the citizens a truce until the octave of Pentecost. And the Londoners too captured sixty-five pirates who had blockaded the river Thames, having killed or drowned countless others. At that time throughout England plunderings and burnings were being carried out by the king's supporters, while the barons likewise made raids on the lands of their adversaries.
Rex igitur cum cepisset castellum comitis Roberti de Ver apud Hidingheham, festinavit stipendiariis suis donativa distribuere, ut instanter Londonias obsideret. Quod cum innotuisset Londoniensibus, aperuerunt omnes portas civitatis, parati ad congressum cum rege, si ad spatium decem leugarum ad civitatem proximaret. Rex autem, cognita illorum animositate et multitudine ac bellandi strenuitate, experiendi periculo se subtraxit. Savaricus tamen de Malo-leone, ex improviso a Londoniensibus bello exceptus, pluribus suorum amissis, graviter ad mortem usque fere attritus et vulneratus est. Norenses quoque, resumptis viribus, Eboracum obsederunt, et eam acriter oppugnantes, tandem acceptis plus quam mille marcis, treugas usque ad octavas Pentecostes civibus concesserunt. Sed et Londonienses lxv. piratas qui Tamensem fluvium obsederunt, innumeris aliis occisis vel submersis, captivos duxerunt. Fiebant tunc per Angliam a regiis complicibus prædationes et incendia, sed et barones de terris adversariorum rapinas agebant.
Note 1. Hedingham, which the king reached, on his way from Colchester, on Friday, 25th March 1216, and at which he resided until the following Monday.
On 25th March 1223 Alfonso "Fat" II King Portugal (age 37) died at Coimbra. His son Sancho (age 13) succeeded II King Portugal.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. To all those who shall see or hear these present letters, Patrick, Earl of March and Dunbar, Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, Robert de Brus the elder, and Robert de Brus the younger, Earl of Carrick, send greetings. Because we are and have always been faithful and well-disposed toward the most noble prince and our dear lord Sir Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine, we promise for ourselves and our heirs, under penalty of body, possessions, and whatever else we can incur, that we will serve him well and loyally against all people who may live or die, whenever we are summoned or required by our lord the King of England or by his heirs. We also promise that, should we know of any harm intended against them, we will do our utmost to prevent it or make it known to them. And to hold and observe these promises, we bind ourselves and our heirs and all our goods, and moreover we have sworn on the Holy Gospels. Furthermore, each of us individually has done homage to our said lord the King of England in these words: "I become your liege man, of life and limb and earthly honour, against all men who may live or die." And our lord the King received this homage in the following form: "We receive you for the lands of which you are now seised, saving our right and that of others, and excepting the lands which John de Balliol, who was King of Scots, granted to you since he rendered the kingdom of Scotland to us, if he granted you any such." In addition, each of us individually has sworn fealty to our said lord the King of England in these words: "I shall be faithful and loyal, and shall bear faith and loyalty to King Edward of England and his heirs, of life and limb and earthly honour, against all men who may live or die; and never for anyone will I bear arms, or be in counsel or aid, or in any way be against him or his heirs in any possible matter. And I shall loyally acknowledge and loyally perform the services which pertain to the tenements I claim to hold of you. So help me God and the saints." In witness whereof we have had these open letters made, sealed with our seals. Given at Wark [Map] on the twenty-fifth day of March [1296], in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of our lord the King of England.
A touz ceus qui cestez presentz lettres verront ou orront Patrik counte de la Marche et de Dunbar, Gilbert de Umfranvile, counte de Anegos, Robert de Bruys le veille, Robert de Bruis le jouen count de Karrik, saluz. Pur ceo que nous sumez et touzjours avoms este a la fei et a la volunte du tresnoble prince et nostre chier seignour Sir Edward, par la grace de Dieu rei Submission. d'Engleterre, seignour d'Ireland, et duc d'Aquitaine, nous promettons pur nous et pur noz heirez sur peyn de corps, et de avier, et sur quauntque nous pussoms encoure, que nous lui servirons bien et leaument encontre toutz gentz qe purront viver ou morrire touz lez fiez que nous serroms requis ou garniz de part nostre seignour le rei d'Engleterre avantdit, ou par ses heirez; et que lour damages ne saveremz que nous ne le disturberons a tout nostre poer, ou lur ferroms a savoir. Et a cestes choses tenire et garder obligeoms nous et noz heirez et touz noz bienz, et outre ceo avoms jurez sur seintz evangels; et puis nous touz et chescun par sei avons fet homage a nostre seignour le rei avauntdit en cestes paroles. Jeo devynk vostre homme lige de vie, et de membre, et de terrien honour, countre touz gentz qui purront vivere ou murire, et mesmes celui nostre seignour le rei lad resceu en ceste fourme. Nous le resceivoms de terrez dont vous estez ore seisie, sauf nostre dreit et autri, et forspris lez terrez les quez Johan de Balliolf, qui fut rey d'Escoz, vous dona puisque nous lui sumez renduz le reaume d'Escoce si nuls vous eit donee. Estre ceo nous touz et chesconz de nous par sei avons fet feautie a nostre seignour le rei d'Engleterre avauntdit en cestez parolez. Jeo serroi feal et leal, et fai et leaute porterai au roy d'Engleterre Edward et a ses heirez, de vie, et de membre, et de terrien honour, contre totez gentz qui purront Submission. vivere ou murire, et james pur nuly armez ne porterai, ne en conseil ne en eide, ne serroi contre lui, ne encontre sez heirez en nul cas qui poet avenir, et lealment reconustrei et lealment frei les services qui apertenent as tenementz que jeo cleime tenir de vous. Si Dieu me eide et lez seintz. En tesmoignaunce dez quels chosez nous avons fet fere cestez lettres overtz de noz seals ensealez. Donez a Werk le vintime quint jour de Marce, le ane du regne nostre seignour le rei d'Engleterre vintime quart.
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On 25th March 1306, King Robert the Bruce I of Scotland (age 31) was crowned King Scotland at Scone Abbey [Map] by Bishop of St Andrews and Bishop Robert Wishart. Elizabeth Burgh Queen Consort Scotland (age 22) was crowned Queen Consort Scotland. Christopher Seton (age 28) and Bishop David de Moravia were present. He was wearing royal robes and vestments previously hidden from the English by Bishop Robert Wishart.
The following day, 28th March 1306, King Robert the Bruce I of Scotland was crowned by Isabella Countess Buchan whose family held the hereditary right to place the crown on the King's head; she had arrived too late for the coronation the day before. The right was held by her brother Duncan Fife 4th Earl Fife (age 18) who was under-age and held by the English so she assumed the right in his place.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. In the year of our Lord 1306, at its beginning, the aforesaid Robert de Brus, on the Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Mary [25th March 1306], had himself crowned King of Scotland at Scone [Map], in the presence and with the consent of four bishops, five earls, and the people of the land. Now the wife [Isabella Countess Buchan] of the Earl of Buchan, who was the daughter of the Earl of Fife and by hereditary right had the privilege of placing the crown upon the head of the new king, secretly left her lord, bringing with her the destriers of her husband, which she had left at home, so that she might perform that office. For this reason her husband, who had been faithful to the King of England, was angry, and when she was captured in the same year and he wished to put her to death, the king forbade him and ordered that she be placed upon the wall of the castle of Berwick in a wooden turret fixed there, so that she might be seen and recognized by those passing by. She remained thus confined for many days, on a meagre diet. As for the two bishops, namely the Bishop of Glasgow [Robert Wishart] and the Bishop of St Andrews [William de Lamberton] in Scotland, together with the Abbot of Scone, when they were captured in that same year, the king sent them into England to various castles, and they remained strictly imprisoned until the king's death. Therefore, when the coronation of the new king had been heard of and confirmed, the lord king of England, on the Feast of Pentecost, sent ahead some of his knights with an armed force, namely Sir Henry de Percy, Sir Aymer de Valence, and Sir Robert de Clifford, so that they might oppose and pursue the new king.
Anno Domini MCCCVI incipiente, Robertus de Brus prædictus, die Annunciationis Beatæ Mariæ fecit se coronari in regem Scotiæ apud at Scone, Scone, præsentibus et consentientibus quatuor episcopis, quinque comitibus, et populo terræ. Uxor autem comitis de Bouchan, quæ erat filia comitis de Fyth, cui de jure hæreditario competit coronam apponere capiti novi regis, furtive recessit a domino suo, adducens secum dextrarios domini sui quos domi dimiserat, ut illud officium exerceret; propter quod iratus dominus ejus, qui regi Angliæ fidelis extiterat, cum in eodem anno esset capta et vellet eam perimere, inhibuit ei rex, et jussit eam poni supra murum castri de Berewyk in tristega lignea fixa, ut sic a transeuntibus videri posset et cognosci; mansitque sic clausa multis diebus, et in arcta dieta. Duos autem episcopos, Glasguensem scilicet et Sancti Andreæ in Scotia, cum abbate de Scone, cum essent infra eundem annum capti, misit rex in Angliam ad diversa castra, manseruntque clausi in arcto usque ad obitum regis. Audita itaque et cognita coronatione novi regis, præmisit dominus rex Angliæ in festo Pentecostes quosdam ex militibus suis cum manu armata, dominum scilicet Henricum de Percy, dominum Almericum de Walence, et dominum Robertum de Clyfford, ut novo regi resisterent, et persequerentur eum.
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Chronicle of Henry Knighton. 25th March 1322. After these events, Sir Andrew de Harclay was made Earl of Carlisle for his role in these proceedings, and appointed warden of the northern march against the Scots. It is noteworthy that all these men were complicit in the death of the Earl of Lancaster, and every one of them later died a shameful death. First, the king himself, and his two brothers, Thomas, Earl Marshal, and Edmund, Earl of Kent, all of whom had been elevated by the favour and urging of the Earl of Lancaster. Also included were the Earl of Warenne, the Earl of Arundel, Lord Hugh le Despenser the Elder, and Lord Hugh le Despenser the Younger, the Earl of Richmond, the Earl of Pembroke, and Lord Aymer de Valence. Among all of these, not one died a praiseworthy death, nor any of their adherents, as shall be shown further on.
Post hæc factus est dominus Andreas de Harkeleye comes Carliellensis pro isto negotio sic prosecuto, factusque est gardianus borialis marchie contra Scotos. Notandum quod isti fuerunt consentientes neci comitis, qui omnes postea morte turpi perierunt. Primo ipse rex, duo fratres ejus, scilicet Thomas comes marescallus et Edmundus comes Cantiæ; isti promoti et erecti per excitationem et instantiam dicti comitis Lancastrise; comes Warenns, comes Arundell, dominus Hugo Dispensator pater et dominus Hugo filius comes Rychemundize, comes de Penbroke, dominus Omerus de Valencia, sed inter eos non extitit quisquam qui fine laudabili vitam finivit, neque quisquam eis adberentium, ut infra patebit in suo processu.
On 25th March 1322 Andrew Harclay 1st Earl Carlisle (age 52) was created 1st Earl Carlisle in reward for his capture of Thomas Plantagenet 2nd Earl of Leicester, 2nd Earl Lancaster, Earl of Salisbury and Lincoln (deceased) at the Battle of Boroughbridge.
On 25th March 1333 the Battle of Dornock was fought between the supporters of the seven year old King David II of Scotland (age 9), son of King Robert the Bruce I of Scotland, and the supporters of King Edward I of Scotland (age 50), supported by the English, commanded by Ralph Dacre 1st Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 43). The English army quickly overwhelmed the Scottish force. William "Flower of Chivalry and Knight Liddesdale" Douglas 1st Earl Atholl (age 33) was captured and spent two years in prison.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On or before 25th March 1342 Blanche Duchess of Lancaster was born to Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster (age 32) and Isabel Beaumont Duchess Lancaster (age 22) at Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire [Map]. The exact date of her birth uncertain. The Inquisition of her father in May 1361 refers to Blanche being "aged 19 years at the feast of the Annunciation last". The Feast of the Annunciation being the 25th of March so Blanche was born on or before the 25th of March 1342. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Henry III of England. She married her half second cousin once removed John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster, son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainaut Queen Consort England, and had issue.
On 3rd February 1388 the Merciless Parliament commenced. It ended on 4th June 1388. Its primary function was to prosecute members of the Court of King Richard II of England (age 21). The term "Merciless" is contemporary having been coined by the chronicler Henry Knighton.
Michael de la Pole 1st Earl Suffolk (age 58) was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered in his absence. He had escaped to France.
Archbishop Alexander Neville (age 47) was found guilty of treason and it was determined to imprison him for life in Rochester Castle, Kent [Map]. He fled to Louvain [Map] where he became a parish priest for the remainder of his life.
On 19th February 1388 Robert Tresilian was hanged naked and his throat cut. See Chronicle of Adam of Usk.
On 25th March 1388 Nicholas Brembre was hanged. He was buried at Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map].
On 5th May 1388 Simon Burley (age 48) was executed despite the protestations of his friend Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York (age 46). See Chronicle of Adam of Usk.
On 12th May 1388 John Beauchamp 1st Baron Beauchamp (age 69) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Worcester Cathedral [Map]. Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster forfeit.
Robert de Vere 1st Duke Ireland (age 26) was attainted.
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On 25th March 1404 John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset (age 1) was baptised.
On 25th March 1440 Geoffrey Boleyn (age 60) died. Around 1414 Alice Bracton died. Memorial brass in the floor of the nave of Church of St Peter and St Paul, Salle [Map]. It originally also had tiny figures representing their 5 sons and 4 daughters, but the inlay is lost. Inscription: Hic jacet Galfrid. Boleyn qui obt. 25 die mensis Martij 1440, et Alicie, uxor. ejus, et pueror. suorum, quorum a'i'ab; &c. Label: Dominus propitius esto nobis peccatorib. ie "Here lies Geoffrey Boleyn who died the 25th day of the month of March A.D. 1440, and Alice, his wife, and children, on whose souls may God have mercy Amen"
Geoffrey Boleyn: Around 1380 he was born to Thomas Boleyn and Anne Jane Bracton. Before 1406 Geoffrey Boleyn and Alice Bracton were married. They were first cousins. In 1408 Geoffrey Boleyn provided timber for the building of Church of St Peter and St Paul, Salle [Map]. The church was paid for by four Lords of the manor, Geoffrey Boleyn, Thomas Brigge, Thomas Roos and an unknown person, with newly acquired wealth from the wool trade.
Alice Bracton: Around 1385 she was born to John Bracton at Salle, Norfolk.
On 25th March 1450 Francesco Sforza I Duke Milan (age 48) succeeded I Duke Milan.
Patent Rolls. 25th March 1453. Reading. Grant to the king's uterine brother, Jasper de Hathfelde (age 21), earl of Pembroke, and his heirs, of all the manors, castles, lordships, lands, hundreds, "weynes," franchises, courts, markets, with all knights' fees, advowsons, patronages, "wayves," views of frankpledge, wards, marriages, reliefs, escheats, rents, services and reversions, which William Oldehall, knight, or any other to his use held on, from or before the day of his outlawry for treason and felony or at any other time. By K. ete.
On 25th March 1458 at Westminster Hall [Map] King Henry VI (age 36) made a great speech [See Chronicle of St Albans] the purpose of which was to ensure future peace in his Kingdom. Some were required to pay fines in recomponse for deaths at the First Battle of St Albans some three years before, some prisoners were released, some were bound to good behaviour, and future arbitration.
After the speech King Henry VI, Queen Margaret (age 28), John "Butcher" Clifford 9th Baron Clifford (age 22), Richard Neville Earl Salisbury (age 58), Richard "Kingmaker" Neville Earl Warwick, 6th Earl Salisbury (age 29), Henry Beaufort 2nd or 3rd Duke of Somerset (age 22), Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York (age 46), Henry Percy 3rd Earl of Northumberland (age 36) and Thomas Percy 1st Baron Egremont (age 35) processed, hand-in-hand to St Paul's Cathedral [Map] and attended a service presided over by Cardinal Thomas Bourchier (age 40).
Chronicle of Jean de Waurin Books 3-5 [1400-1474]. 25th March 1458. Now it happened that after the death of the Duke of Somerset and other lords who died in the aforementioned battle, the young duke, his son, was greatly pressured by the King and other princes and great lords of the royal council to make peace between these two parties, York and Somerset, for the benefit and utility of the public good of the entire kingdom of England. To achieve this, the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick, along with the Duke of Northumberland, were summoned. This peace was agreed upon between the two parties, even though the Duke of York, who at that time was in Ireland, was not present. Nonetheless, they made efforts on his behalf in such a way that on the following Easter Day, as a sign of peace and love, the Duke of Somerset and the aforementioned Earls carried the palm before the King.
Or advint que depuis la mort du duc de Sombresset et autres seigneurs quy morurent en la bataille dessusdite, le jenne duc son filz fut f0rt oppresse par le roy et autres princes et grans seigneurs du conseil royal adfin que paix se feist entre ces deux parties, Yorc et Sombresset, pour le bien et utilite de la chose publique de tout le royaulme dAngleterre, et pour ce faire furent mandez les comtes de Salsebery et de Warewic, ensamble le duc de Northumbellande; laquele paix fut acordee entre les deux parties nonobstant que le duc dYorc, quy en ces jours estoit en Yrlande, ne feust present, toutes voies ilz se firent fort de luy en tele maniere que le jour de Pasques ensievant par signe de paix et damour le duc de Sombresset et les comtes dessusdis porterent devant le roy la palme.
Chronicle of Robert Fabyan [-1512]. 25th March 1458. In token and for joy wherof, the King, the Queen, and all the said lordys, upon our Lady day annunciacion in Lent, at Paulys went solempnly in processyon, and soone after euery Lord departyd where his pleasure was. And in ther moneth of2.... folowing, was a great fray in Flete strete, atwene the inhabytauntys3 of the saide strete; in which fray a gentylman, being the quenys attourney, was slayen. upon the Thursday in Whitson weke, the Duke of Somerset, with Antony Ryuers, and other, iiii. kepte iustis of peace before the Queen within the Towre of London, agayne thre esquyers of the quenys, and in lyke maner at Grenewych the Sonday folowing. And upon Trynyte Sunday or the Monday folowing, certeyne shyppys, apperteyning unto the Earl of Warwick (age 29), mette with a flote of Spanyardys, and after longe and cruell fyght, toke. vi. of them laden with iron and other marchaudyse, and drowned and chasyd to the noumber of. xxvi. not without sheding of blode on both partyes; for of the Englyssheme were slayen an hundreth, and many moo woundyd and sore hurte.
Note 1. ii. edit. 1533. 1542. 155
Note 2. of March. MS.
Note 3. the men of court and the inhabytauntys.
Chronicle of St Albans by Abbot John Whethamstede [-1465]. 25th March 1458. And with these words, he withdrew to his castle at Berkhamsted [Map]; and there he remained until the time of reconciliation. Having indeed agreed upon a certain arrangement, through long and laborious solicitude, with the said parties, promising to abide by the approval, decree, and judgment of the King, King himself appeared immediately. After a few inquiries from them about abiding by his judgment, he rendered his judgment in these words.—
"Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, to all to whom these present letters shall come, greeting. Since He Himself, who ordains and arranges all things according to His own pleasure, through whom kings reign, by the influential and abundant grace bestowed upon us from our natural progeny, has given us to rule over our subjects, we understand the burden and responsibility attached to the said grace, compelling us to endeavor not only for the external defence, but also for the sound direction and governance of our kingdoms and lands. And we consider in our wisdom, given to us by God, that in perfect unity, harmony, and true love among our subjects, lie the prosperity and well-being of any land; and in resentment, disputes, and discord among them, lies the subversion and ruin of the same, causing any kingdom so divided to be desolate. We also consider the noble fruits of unity, love, peace, and tranquility, which every prince is obliged to promote, favor, and establish among his subjects; and that without unity, love, and peace, the Author of salvation cannot be duly honored. For these reasons, and to avoid such inconveniences that may arise from variations and discord, arisen within our kingdom, especially among the lords of our blood and others of the same, to fortify us against our enemies, who maliciously seek to subdue us to their tyranny and devour our lands and subjects:—We, mindful of our said responsibility, and to please our Savior, who abides in unity, love, and peace, have maturely understood, pondered, and considered such variations, controversies, and differences, which existed at a certain time between our faithful and beloved kinsman, Richard, Duke of York, our faithful and beloved kinsmen, Richard, Earl of Warwick, and Richard, Earl of Salisbury, and others, sons of the said Earl of Salisbury, on one side; and our faithful and beloved kinsmen, Eleanor, Duchess of Somerset, Henry, Duke of Somerset, her son, and others, her children, our faithful and beloved kinsmen, Eleanor, Countess of Northumberland, Henry, Earl of Northumberland, her son, and others, her children, and our faithful and beloved, John, Lord Clifford, and his brothers and sisters, on the other side; principally caused by certain prevention and insultation before this time at the town of St. Albans; in which husbands of the said Duchesses and Countesses, and fathers of the said Duke of Somerset, Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford, were slain."
Et hiis dictis, recessit usque ad castrum suum de Berkhamstede; ibique permansit usque ad tempora concordationis. Concordatis utique sub certa appunctuatione, per longam laboriosamque sollicitudinem, partibus dictis, promittentibusque se stare laudo, decreto, et arbitrio, Domini Regis, affuit protinus Dominus Rex, et, post pauca ab ipsis interrogatoria de stando suo arbitrio, tulit arbitrium suum, in hiis verbis.—
"Henricus, Dei gratia, Rex Angliæ et Franciæ, et Dominus Hiberniæ, omnibus ad quos præsentes litteræ nostræ pervenerint, salutem. Ex quo Ipse, qui omnia ad suam complacentiam ordinat et disponit, per quem reges regnant, ex influenti et abundanti gratia sua, nobis, ex naturali nostra progenie, dederit nos regnare super subditos nostros, intelligimus onus et curam annexa dictæ gratiæ, quæ compellunt nos intendere ad tranquillitatem et conservationem regnorum et terrarum nostrorum, non tantum in defensione exterius, sed ad providendum pro sanis directione et regimine eorundem interius. Et consideramus in sapientia nostra, nobis per Deum data, quod in unitate perfecta, concordia, et vera dilectione inter subditos, requiescunt prosperitas et bona valentia cujuslibet terræ; et in rancore, debatis, ac discordia inter ipsos, manent subversio et ruina ejusdem, causatque quodlibet regnum sic divisum esse desolatum. Consideramus etiam nobiles fructus unitatis, amoris, requiei, et pacis, quas quilibet princeps tenetur procurare, favorare, et stabilire inter subditos; et quod sine unitate, dilectione, et pace, Auctor salutis non potest debite venerari. Propter quas considerationes, et ad evitandum talia inconvenientia, quæ insequi possunt ex varietatibus et discordiis, exortis infra istud nostrum regnum, in speciali inter dominos de sanguine nostro et alios de eodem, ad fortificandum nos contra inimicos nostros, qui malitiose solicitant se ad subdendum tyranniæ suæ, et ad devorandum nostros terras et subditos:—Nos, accordantes dictæ curæ nostræ, et ad complacendum Salvatori nostro, qui manet in unitate, dilectione, et pace, mature intelleximus, ponderavimus, et consideravimus, hujusmodi varietates, controversias, et differentias, quæ fuerunt certo tempore inter confidelem et prædilectum consanguineum nostrum, Ricardum, Ducem Eboraci, nostros confideles et prædilectos consanguineos, Ricardum, Comitem Warwyci, et Ricardum, Comitem Sarum, et alios, ejusdem Comitis Sarum natos, ex una parte: ac nostros confideles et prædilectos consanguineos, Alianoram, Ducissam Somercetriæ, Henricum, Ducem Somercetriæ, filium suum, el alios natos suos, nostros confideles et prædilectos consanguineos, Alianoram, Comitissam Northumbriæ, Henricum, Comitem Northumbriæ, filium suum, et alios natos suos, et nostros confideles et prædilectos, Johannem, Dominum de Clifforde, et fratres et sorores suos, ex alia parte; causatas principaliter per certas obviationem et insultationem ante hæc tempora apud villam de Sancto Albano; in quibus mariti dictarum Ducissæ et Comitissæ, et patres dictorum [Ducis] Somercetriæ, Comitis Northumbriæ, et Domini de Clifforde, interfecti fuerunt.
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The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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Chronicle of Gregory [1400-1467]. 25th March 1458. Ande this same year at Covyntre there was made a pesse [Note. peace] by-twyne the Duke of Somersett Harry (age 22), and the Earl of Saulysbury (age 58), and the Erle of Warwycke (age 29), for the dethe of his fadyr Duke of Somersette, that the Duke of Yorke (age 46) put to dethe at Synt Albonys. And this tretys was made at Covyntre, in the holy tyme of Lentyn, by the mene of Kyng Harry the VI. And alle that holy tyme of Lentyn there might noo mane man that shulde preche by-fore the King, but that he shulde shewe his sarmon in wrytyng, were he docter or other, in so moche the lordys woldys A B C wolde assygne what he schulde say, as for any thynge that longyd unto the common wele, and yf he passyd her commaundement he schulde lese his costys, and goo as he come, withowte mete and drynge. But a becheler of holy devynyte come to that cytte, and whenn he come to preche byfore the kyng, as Maystyr Wylliam Saye, Dene of Poulys and Dene of the kyngys chapylle, hadde desyryd and asygnyd, A B C axyd his name, and his name was Mayster Wylliam Ive, at that tyme beyng at Wynchester in Wycham is college. And A B C said that they moste nedys se his sarmon and his purposse, that he was a vysyd to say by-fore the King the Sonday nexte comynge. And he full goodly toke them his papyr; and they seyng and redynge his papyr, commaundyd to leve out and put a way many troughtys. But that same Mayster Wylliam Ive said but lytylle, but whenn he come to pulpyt he sparyd not to sayd the troughthe, and reportyd by-fore the kyng that A B C made the sarmonys that were said fore, and not thoo that prechyd, and that causyd that þe men that prechyd hadde but sympylle sarmons, for her purposse was alle turnyde upsodowne 3 and that they hadde made love days as Judas made whythe a cosseb with Cryste for they cyste ovyr the mane. The grete rewarde that he hadde for his labyr was the rydyng of viij xx myle yn and out for his travayle, and alle his frendys full sory for hym. But qui veritatem dicit caput fractum habebit, &c. And that same year alle thes lordys departyd from the Parlyment, but they come nevyr alle togedyr after that tyme to noo Parlyment nor conselle, but yf it were in fylde with spere and schylde.
Note b. kiss.
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A Chronicle of London. 25th March 1458. And this yere was a grete watch in London, and al the gates kepte every nyght, and ij aldermen watchyng: and withynne a while after the kyng and lordes were accorded, and went a procession in Paulis.
A Chronicle of London. 25th March 1458. P. 139. A° 36 Hen. VI. In this yere "was a grete watch in London, and al the gates kepte every nyght, and ij aldermen watchyng: and withynne a while after the kyng and lordes were accorded, and went a procession in Paulis."
The temporary reconciliation between the adherents of the King and of the Duke of York, so briefly alluded to in the text, and which is best illustrated by the following extract from a contemporary letter, served, like every other event of his times, for the exercise of Lydgate's pen; but his description of it in the following ballad is infinitely more valuable from its historical accuracy, than its poetical merit. Of this article there are two copies extant; one in the Cottonian MS. Nero A. vi. and the other in the Cottonian MS. Vespasianus B. xvi.: the latter copy has been printed, though very erroneously, and with the orthography modernized, by Mr. Sharon Turner; but the former has not been before noticed. As they differ in some places from each other, and are very short, it has been thought advisable that both transcripts should be inserted.
Extract of a Letter from John Bokking to Sir John Fastolf: Dated on the Wednesday after Mid Lent Sunday, i.e. 15 March, 1457.
Paston Letters, vol. i. p. 154.
"Lyke it your maistership to wyte, that as for tidings, the Counsell is, the fornone, at the blake Frires, for the ease of resortyng of the Lordes that ar withinne the toun; and at afternon at the white Frirers in Fletstrete, for the Lordis with owte the town; and all things shall come to a good conclusion with God is grace; for the Kyng shall come hidre this weke, and the Quene also, as some men sayn, and my Lord Buk and Stafford with hire, and muche puple. My Lord of Caunterbury takith grete peyne up on hym daily, and will write unto yow the certeynte of suche tidings as falle; and shuld have doon or this tyme, saf for that he wolde knowe an ende of the mattre."
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A Chronicle of London. 25th March 1458. Upon the Reconciliation of the Lords of the Yorkist Faction with the Kyng and his Adherents.
[Cottonian MS. Nero A. vi.]
Whan Charyte ys chosen with stats to stonde,
Stedfast and styll, with oute distaunce,
Then wreih may be exllid out of thys londe,
And God oure gide to have governaunce;
Wysdom and welthe with all plesaunce,
May ryghtfulle reigne, and prosperite,
For love hath underleyde wrethfull vengeaunce;
Reioyse Enlond the lords acordid bee.
Reioyse, and thonke God, and sorw no more,
For now shal encrese thi consolacone;
Oure enemes quake for drede ful sore,
That pees ys made that was divisione,
Whiche ys to them grete confusione,
And to us joy and felicite;
God hold them longe in every seasone,
That Englond may reioyce, the concord and unite.
Now ys sorw with shame fled yn to Fraunce,
As a felon that hath forsworne thys lond;
Love hath put owte malicius governaunce,
In every place both fee and bonde;
In Yorke, in Somersett, as y undyrstonde,
In Warwikke also ys love and charite,
In Salisbury eke, and yn Northumberlond,
That every man may reioyce the concord and unite.
Egremond, and ClyfTord, and other forseyd,
Ben sett yn the same opynyone;
In every quartre love is thus leide,
Grace and wisdome hath the dominacione;
Awoke welth, and welk in thys regione,
Rewnde abowte in towne and cite,
And thonke them that brought it to thys conclusion;
Reioyse Englond the concord and unite.
At Poules in London, with grete renowne,
On oure Lady day the pes was wrought;
The kyng, the quene, with lords many one,
To worshyppe that virgine as they oght,
Went a prosession, and sparyd right noght,
In sight of alle the comonialte,
In tokyn that love was in hert and thoght;
Reioice Englond the concord and unite.
There was by twene them lovely countenaunce,
Whyche was grete yoy to alle that there were,
That long tyme hadd ben in variaunce,
As frynds for ever they went yn fere,
They went togedre, and made good chere;
O Fraunce and Bretayne, repent shall ye,
For the bergeyne shalle ye bye fulle dere;
Reioice Englond the concord and unite.
Our sovereyn lord the kyng, God kepe alway,
The quene and the bisshope of Canterbury,
And other that have labored to thys love day,
God preserve them we pray hertly;
And Londone for they fulle diligently,
Kept the pees in trobull and in adversite;
To brynge yn rest they labored ful treuly;
Reioice Englond the peas and unite.
Off thre things, y preys thys worshypfull Citee:
The ferst, of trewe feythe that they owe to the kyng;
The secounde, of love of eache comonialte;
The thyrde, of good rule evermore kepyng;
The whyche God mayntene ever long durynge,
And save the Maire and all the hole Citee,
And that ys amys brynge to amendyng,
That Englond may reioice the pees and unite.
Chronicle of Edward Hall [1496-1548]. 25th March 1458. At which solempne feast, the Kyng in habite royal, and his dyademe on his hedde, kept his estate in procession, before whom, went hand in hand, the duke ol Somerset, the erle of Salisbury, the duke of Excester, and ye erle of Warwyke, and so on of the one faccion, and another of the other sect, and behynd the kyng the duke of Yorke ledde the Quene with great familiaritie to all mens sightes: but wo worth dissimulacion, and false flatteryng contenaunce: fye on doble entendement, and cloked adulacion, whiche hath bene the common seruituers in all palacies, both Imperiall and Regal, and by their only pestiferous venime, and secrete malyce, hath ben the destruccion of many a noble man, and the confusion of a great number of trew meanyng and faithfull persons. But the Wiseman, which saieth: wo be thou that hast a doble hart, meant, that dissimulacid once espied, should be the arrow wherwith the dissembler should be wounded. As by this cloked pageant, and dissimuling procession, hereafter shall playnly be declared. For their bodies were ioyned by hand in hand, whose hartes were farre a sonder: their mouthes louingly smiled, whose corages were inflamed with malice: their toungues spake lyke suger, and their thoughtes were all inuenemed: but all these dissimulinge persons, tasted the vessel of woo, as the Wyseman sayde: and few or none of this company were vnblotted, or vndestroied by this dolorous drink of dissimulacion. But this cancard worme, and pestiferous coccatrice, not onely at thys tyme reigned in Englande, bat also dyd muche harine in the courte of Fraunce: for Jhon duke of Alanson, which before had bene prisoner, & wel enterteyned in the realme of England, and after Capitayn Generall of the warres in Fraunce agaynst the Englishmen, highly favoured, and of great estimacion in the Frenche kynges house, was by suche as he most trusted & vsed most familiaritie withal, & whom he had greatly promoted, and highly exalted, accused of highe treason, as enemye to his kyng, and traytor to his countrey, alledgyng that he longe before yt tyme had conspired with the Englishmen, to cause them once agayn to recover the duchye of Normandy: wherupd by the order of the law, he there suffered death very unjustly, as divers aucthors affirme, whereof one sayeth: that kynges sekyng treason, shall fynde lande, and the denyal of a princes desyre, was the inuented destruccion of the innocent Naboth. Well let vs now leve the cloked collusion, that remayned in Fraunce, & returne to the open dissimulacion, which now appeared in England.
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A Brief Latin Chronicle. 25th March 1458. In the year of our Lord 1457 [Note. March 1457 is in 1458 in the Gregorian Calendar], during the sacred Lenten season, a peace was made in London between Lord Richard, Duke of York, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Salisbury, with their followers on one side, and the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford, with their followers on the other side, mediated by the illustrious King Henry and other spiritual and temporal lords of the kingdom; for there had been grave and dangerous disturbances [First Battle of St Albans] by some lords at the town of St Albans; the killing of whom had disturbed and inflamed the hearts of many, but was somewhat quelled by a certain satisfaction made, with the Most High granting peace. However, it did not last long.
Anno Domini millesimo cccc°.lvij., sacro tempore quadragesimali, London' facta est concordia inter Dominum Ricardum ducem Eboracensem, Comitem de Warwyc, et comitem Sarum, cum suis, ex parte una, et ducem Somersetie, et Comitem Northumbrie et dominum Clifford, cum suis, ex parte altera, per illustrem regem Henricum et alios dominos regni spirituales et temporales; gravis enim, et periculosa quorundam dominorum apud villam Sancti Albani; quorum interfeccio inquietans et accendens corda multorum, satisfactione quadam facta, prestante Altissimo, partim sopita est. Sed non diu permansit.
An English Chronicle. [25th March 1458]. Thanne the byshoppys and other lordes tretyd betwyxt theym of the pease and accorde, and after long trete bothe partyes submytted theym to the laude and arbytrement of the kyng and his counselle. The whiche after good deliberacione and avysement yaf this awarde and arbitrement; that xlv.li. [£45] of yerely rente shulde be amorteysed and founded in for euermore by the sayde duk of York and the erles, in the abbey of Seynt Albons, where the forseyde lordes so slayne were buryed, for to pray for theyre soules and for the soules of alle tho that were slayne there. And ouer this the sayde duk of York and the erles shulde pay to the duke of Somerset and to hys moder, to the erle of Northumbrelond, to the lorde Egremont and to the lorde Clyfford, a notable summe of money, for recompens of theyre fadres dethe, and for wronges done vnto theym.
Calendar of State Papers of Milan 1462. [25th March 1462]. Eleven days before the king's departure they discovered a great conspiracy, at the head of which was the Earl of Oxford (deceased), and he, his eldest son (deceased) and many other knights and esquires lost their heads. Before the king left the treason was discovered in this manner, quidquid fortassis dicatur [Whatever perhaps may be said]. The said earl with his accomplices, sent letters to King Henry and the queen in Scotland, by a servant of his, who, after having been to York, returned to King Edward and presented the letters, which were read as well as copied and then sealed up again and sent by this same messenger to King Henry with a promise that he would return with the reply. He did so and it was done very secretly. After the reply had been read the Earl of Worcester (age 34), who has been made Constable of England1, was sent to take the said earl and others.
el dicto conte con soi complitii mandavano lettere al re Hari et alla regina in Scotia per uno servitore de'soi, el quale, poi fu a Aiorch, ritorno alla Maesta de Re Eduuardo et presentolli le lettere le quale forono lecte et etiam copiate et poi reserrate et subito per el decto messo mandate al re hari con promessa che ritornarebe colla resposta et cosi fece et fu facta molto secretamente et viso responso el Conte de Wygornia, el quale e facto conestabile de Engleterra a fo mandato ad prendere el sopradicto conte et altri.
Note 1. John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, appointed Constable of England for life by letters patent dated the 7th February, 1462. Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1461–7, page 74.
The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland Volume 1. 25th March 1471. R[ichard] Earl of Warwick (age 42) to Henry Vernon (age 26), squire.
[1471,] March 25. Warwick. — Right trusty and rigkte welbiloved I grete you well, And desire and hertily pray you that in asmoche as yonder man Edward, the kinges oure soverain lord gret ennemy rebelle and traitour, is now late arrived in the north parties of this land and commyng fast on southward accompanyed with Flemynges, Esterlinges, and Danes, not exceeding the nombre of all that he ever bathe of ijmi. persones, nor the contre as he commeth nothing falling to him, ye woll therfor incontynente and furthwith aftir the sight herof dispose you toward me to Coventre with as many people defensibly arraied as ye can redily make, and that ye be with me there in all haste possible as my vray singuler trust is in you and as I mowe doo thing to your wele or worship heraftir, And God kepe you. Writen at Warrewik the xxvti day of Marche.
(Postscript in the Earl's awn hand) Henry I pray you ffayle not now as ever I may do ffor yow.
Therle of Warrewik and Salisbury. Lieutenant to the king oure soverain lord Henry the Sexte. (Signed : — ) E. Warrewyk. Signet.
On 25th March 1483 King Edward IV of England (age 40) returned to Westminster [Map] from Windsor, Berkshire [Map]. A few days later he became sufficiently unwell to add codicils to his will, and to have urged reconciliation between William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings (age 52) and Thomas Grey 1st Marquess Dorset (age 28); it isn't clear what the cause of the friction between the two men was although it appears well known that Hastings resented the Woodville family.
On 25th March 1530 Federico Gonzaga II Duke Mantua (age 29) succeeded II Duke Mantua.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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On 25th March 1533 Philip Aviz was born to John III King Portugal (age 30) and Catherine of Austria Queen Consort Portugal (age 26). Coefficient of inbreeding 11.30%. He died aged six in 1539.
On 25th March 1537 Charles Bourbon Duke Vendôme (age 47) died. His son Antoine (age 18) succeeded Duke Vendôme.
On 25th March 1537 Archbishop Robert Holgate (age 55) was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff.
On 25th March 1545 John "Younger" Oldenburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg was born to Christian III King of Denmark (age 41) and Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 33).. He married (1) 19th August 1568 his sixth cousin Elisabeth of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and had issue (2) 14th February 1588 Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt and had issue.
Henry Machyn's Diary. 25th March 1555. The xxv day of Marche, the wyche was owre lade [day,] ther was as gret justes as youe have sene at the tylt at Vestmynster; the chalyngers was a Spaneard and ser Gorge Haward (age 30); and all ther men, and ther horsses trymmyd in whyt, and then cam the Kyng (age 27) and a gret mene [menée, ie retinue] all in bluw, and trymmyd with yelow, and ther elmets with gret tuyffes [tufts ie plumes.] of blue and yelow fether, and all ther veffelers [whifflers ie forerunners] and ther fotemen, and ther armorers, and a compene lyke Turkes red in cremesun saten gownes and capes, and with fachyons [falchions], and gret targets; and sum in gren, and mony of dyvers colers; and ther was broken ij hondred stayffes and a-boyff.
Henry Machyn's Diary. 25th March 1556. The xxv day of Marche was owre Lady day, the Annunsyasyon, at Bow chyrche in London was hangyd with cloth of gold, and with ryche hares [arras] and cossens for the commyng of my lord cardenall Polle (age 56); ther dyd the bysshope of Vosseter dyd synge he masse mytyred; and ther wher dyver bysshopes, as the bysshope of Ely (age 50), bysshope of London (age 56), and bysshope of Lynkkolne (age 46), and the yerle of Penbroke (age 55), and ser Edward Hastynges (age 35), the master of horsse, and dyvers odur nobuls, and after masse done to my lord (unfinished).
On 25th March 1577 Louis III de La Tremoille 1st Duke Thouars (age 56) died. His son Claude (age 11) succeeded 2nd Duke Thouars.
The Life of Margaret Clitherow by John Mush Chapter 20. The place of execution was the tollbooth [on Ouse Bridge, York], six or seven yards distant from the prison. There were present at her [Margaret Clitherow née Middleton (age 30)] martyrdom the two sheriffs of York, Fawcet and Gibson, Frost, a minister. Fox, Mr. Cheeke's kinsman, with another of his men, the four sergeants, which had hired certain beggars to do the murther, three or four men, and four women.
The coming to the place, kneeled her down, and prayed to herself. The tormentors bade her pray with them, and they would pray with her. The martyr denied, and said, "I will not pray with you, and you shall not pray with me; neither will I say Amen to your prayers, nor shall you to mine." Then they willed her to pray for the Queen's majesty. The martyr began in this order. First, in the hearing of them all, she prayed for the Catholic Church, then for the Pope's Holiness, Cardinals, and other Fathers which have charge of souls, and then for all Christian princes. At which words the tormentors interrupted her, and willed her not to put her majesty among that company; yet the martyr proceeded in this order, "and especially for Elizabeth, Queen of England, that God turn her to the Catholic faith, and that after this mortal life she may receive the blessed joys of heaven. For I wish as much good," quoth she, "to her majesty's soul as to mine own." Sheriff Gibson, abhorring the cruel fact, stood weeping at the door. Then said Fawcet, "Mrs. Clitherow, you must remember and confess that you die for treason." The martyr answered, "No, no, Mr. Sheriff, I die for the love of m.y Lord Jesu; ' which last words she spake with a loud voice.
On 25th March 1586 Margaret Clitherow née Middleton (age 30) was crushed to death near the Toll Booth on Ouse Bridge, York for refusing to enter a plea to the charge of harbouring Catholic priests.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 25th March 1605 Elizabeth Russell Countess Bath was buried at St Peter's Church, Tawstock [Map]. After 12th July 1623 William Bourchier 3rd Earl Bath (age 47) was buried with his wife.
The monument subject to restoration and repainting around 1980.
Monument, possibly by Nicholas Johnson, with Latin inscriptions: Æ.S. Lege viator quæ Magnatum saxa rarissime, loquuntur vir probus et mobilis utero hic situs est Guiliemus Bourgchier Comes Bathone nsis æternitatem apud motales meritus Suauissimo connubio connnxit nobii tatem et virtutem utranq dignitatum in omnibus constanter retinvit et ornavit vixit in hac ipsa Devonia cvi datus est praefectus et puincian triginta pius minus annis integerppime administravit Deum tam privatis quam publicis officus religiosissime colvit magnificum exemplum beneficentiæ, et hosptalitatis pavprervmq et oppressorum acerrimus patronus diniq cum inoffensae foelicitatis cursum ad sinium vsq propuxisset decessit e vivis incens et aeternum Devoniae suæ desiderium 12 July anno salvitus 1623 ætatis vero suæ 65. Uxorem duxit lectissimam toeminan sociam ... sepulchri dnam Elizabetham Francisci Comitis Bedfordensis Filiam ex qua genuit Johem Robertum et Edwardum Filios et Franciscam Filiam E quibus Edwardum modo Comitem Bathoniensem solum reliquit supersitem ipsoum clarissimæ familiæ suis quoq virtutibus et foelicissimo conivgio futurum ornamentum. Hoc fac et vives.
"Reader, read what the rare stones of the great ones seldom speak, here lies buried William Bourchier, Earl of Bath, deserving of eternity among mortals. He united nobility and virtue by a most delightful marriage, consistently maintaining and adorning both dignities in all things. He lived in this very Devonshire, over which he presided as prefect and justice of the peace for thirty years with the utmost integrity. He devoutly worshipped God in both private and public duties, magnificently exemplifying benevolence, hospitality, and being the most ardent protector of the oppressed. When he had set forth the course of his harmless happiness to the bosom of eternity, he departed from the living, leaving behind an incense and eternal longing for his Devonshire. On July 12th, in the year of salvation 1623, at the age of 65. He married the most distinguished lady, Elizabeth, daughter of Francis, Earl of Bedford, by whom he begot John, Robert, and Edward, sons, and Frances, a daughter. Of these, he left surviving only Edward, now Earl of Bath, a future ornament to his most illustrious family by his own virtues and most happy marriage. Do this, and you will live."
BATHONÆ COMTIÆ DEVON PRAEFECTO MEMORIÆ ERGO Ana: Crono: Epi: Mors mihi Ivcrvm ... In grama tum ... Bon Temps viendra Morior ... Orior ... Ad sepul crum ... Finis ... Coronat Ana: Gulielmus Bourchier Luge (si ob Iucrum Heri) Quid sibi vult Tumulus. Quaeve hoec Insignia Iuctus Eft COMES in Svperos ecce LOCUMQ TENES Quare fles, Devonia vel, Bathonia, qvare eXIIt: en bon teMps nVnCo VIenDra patet (Crono) IVLIVS, hoc, mensis fuit AUGUSTISSIMUS, anno Atq SECUNDA (decem junge) SECUNDA dies Non amor, invidia est, DOLOR, euge, lege, (ALME VIATOR) Et difce exemplo VIVERE, disce mori. Sic cecinit, non elevit.
To the memory of William Bourchier, Earl of Bath, Prefect of Devon: Ana: Chrono: Epitaph: Death is my Law ... Then in the grave ... Good Times will come. I die ... I rise ... To the tomb ... The End ... Ana crowns: William Bourchier Mourn (if for the joy of yesterday) What does the Tumulus mean? What does this Emblem of Grief signify? BEHOLD, the Earl holds a place among the heavens. Why do you weep, Devon or Bath, why do you mourn: behold, good times are coming, soon they will come (Chronos) JULY, this, was the most AUGUST month, in the year and the second day (join ten) The second day. Not love, but envy is SORROW, hail, read (kind traveler) And learn to live by example, learn to die. Thus he sang, not did he elevate.
The Plantagenet Arms indicate his being a 6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England through his paternal grandfather John Bourchier 2nd Earl Bath and his paternal grandmother Eleanor Manners Countess Bath.
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On 25th March 1609 Johann Wilhelm La Marck Duke Cleves (age 46) died.
On 25th March 1614 Juan Carreño de Miranda was born.
On 25th March 1619 Anne Clarges Duchess Albermarle was born to John Clarges . She married 23rd January 1653 George Monck 1st Duke Albemarle and had issue.
On 25th March 1650 Archbishop John Williams (age 68) died of quinsy.
On 25th March 1655 Christian Huygens (age 25) discovered Saturn's moon Titan; he named it Luna Saturni, literally Moon of Saturn, using a 2 inch telescope he and his brother had constructed in Feb 1656. It was the sixth moon discovered, the first being the Earth's moon, and the second to fifth, being the moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo in Mar 1610.
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1657. The Protector Oliver (age 57), now affecting kingship, is petitioned to take the title on him by all his newly-made sycophant lords, etc.; but dares not, for fear of the fanatics, not thoroughly purged out of his rebel army.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1663. Lady-day. Up betimes and to my office, where all the morning, at noon dined and to the Exchange [Map], and thence to the Sun Tavern, to my Lord Rutherford, and dined with him, and some others, his officers, and Scotch gentlemen, of fine discourse and education. My Lord used me with great respect, and discoursed upon his business as with one that he did esteem of, and indeed I do believe that this garrison is likely to come to something under him.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1664. Lady-day. Up and by water to White Hall, and there to chappell; where it was most infinite full to hear Dr. Critton (age 71). Being not knowne, some great persons in the pew I pretended to, and went in, did question my coming in. I told them my pretence; so they turned to the orders of the chappell, which hung behind upon the wall, and read it; and were satisfied; but they did not demand whether I was in waiting or no; and so I was in some fear lest he that was in waiting might come and betray me. The Doctor preached upon the thirty-first of Jeremy, and the twenty-first and twenty-second verses, about a woman compassing a man; meaning the Virgin conceiving and bearing our Saviour. It was the worst sermon I ever heard him make, I must confess; and yet it was good, and in two places very bitter, advising the King (age 33) to do as the Emperor Severus did, to hang up a Presbyter John (a short coat and a long gowne interchangeably) in all the Courts of England. But the story of Severus was pretty, that he hanged up forty senators before the Senate house, and then made a speech presently to the Senate in praise of his owne lenity; and then decreed that never any senator after that time should suffer in the same manner without consent of the Senate: which he compared to the proceeding of the Long Parliament against my Lord Strafford. He said the greatest part of the lay magistrates in England were Puritans, and would not do justice; and the Bishopps, their powers were so taken away and lessened, that they could not exercise the power they ought. He told the King and the ladies plainly, speaking of death and of the skulls and bones of dead men and women1, how there is no difference; that nobody could tell that of the great Marius or Alexander from a pyoneer; nor, for all the pains the ladies take with their faces, he that should look in a charnels-house could not distinguish which was Cleopatra's, or fair Rosamond's, or Jane Shoare's.
Note 1. The preacher appears to have had the grave scene in "Hamlet" in his mind, as he gives the same illustration of Alexander as Hamlet does.
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Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1667. Ladyday. Up, and with Sir W. Batten (age 66) and Sir W. Pen (age 45) by coach to Exeter House [Map] to our lawyers to have consulted about our trial to-morrow, but missed them, so parted, and Sir W. Pen and I to Mr. Povy's (age 53) about a little business of Sir W. Pen's, where we went over Mr. Povy's house, which lies in the same good condition as ever, which is most extraordinary fine, and he was now at work with a cabinet-maker, making of a new inlaid table. Having seen his house, we away, having in our way thither called at Mr. Lilly's (age 48), who was working; and indeed his pictures are without doubt much beyond Mr. Hales's (age 67), I think I may say I am convinced: but a mighty proud man he is, and full of state.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1667. So home, and to the office, and by and by to dinner, a poor dinner, my wife and I, at Sir W. Pen's (age 45), and then he and I before to Exeter House [Map], where I do not stay, but to the King's playhouse; and by and by comes Mr. Lowther (age 26) and his wife (age 16) and mine, and into a box, forsooth, neither of them being dressed, which I was almost ashamed of. Sir W. Pen and I in the pit, and here saw "The Mayden Queene" again; which indeed the more I see the more I like, and is an excellent play, and so done by Nell (age 17), her merry part, as cannot be better done in nature, I think.
Calendar of State Papers Charles II 25 Mar 1668. 25th March 1668. Petition of the poor whores, bauds, pimps, and panders, to the most splendid, illustrious, serene, and eminent lady of pleasure, the Countess of Castlemaine (age 27), for protection against the company of London apprentices, through whom they have sustained the loss of habitations, trades, and employments, and for a guard of "French, Trish, and English Hectors," who are their approved friends. Will contribute to her, as their sisters at Rome and Venice do the Pope. 'Signed by us, Madam Cresswell and Damaris Page, in the behalf of our sisters and fellow sufferers (in this day of our calamity), in Dog and Bitch Yard, Lukener's Lane, Saffron Hill, Moorfields,. Chiswell Street, Rosemary Lane, Nightingale Lane, Ratcliffe Highway, Well Close, Church Lane, East Smithfield," &c [Printer Ibid. No. 60]
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1668. Up, and walked to White Hall, there to wait on the Duke of York (age 34), which I did: and in his chamber there, first by hearing the Duke of York call me by my name, my Lord Burlington (age 55) did come to me, and with great respect take notice of me and my relation to my Lord Sandwich (age 42), and express great kindness to me; and so to talk of my Lord Sandwich's concernments.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th March 1668. By and by the Duke of York (age 34) is ready; and I did wait for an opportunity of speaking my mind to him about Sir J. Minnes (age 69), his being unable to do the King (age 37) any service, which I think do become me to do in all respects, and have Sir W. Coventry's (age 40) concurrence therein, which I therefore will seek a speedy opportunity to do, come what will come of it. The Duke of York and all with him this morning were full of the talk of the 'prentices, who are not yet [put] down, though the guards and militia of the town have been in armes all this night, and the night before; and the 'prentices have made fools of them, sometimes by running from them and flinging stones at them. Some blood hath been spilt, but a great many houses pulled down; and, among others, the Duke of York was mighty merry at that of Damaris Page's, the great bawd of the seamen; and the Duke of York complained merrily that he hath lost two tenants, by their houses being pulled down, who paid him for their wine licenses £15 a year. But here it was said how these idle fellows have had the confidence to say that they did ill in contenting themselves in pulling down the little bawdyhouses, and did not go and pull down the great bawdy-house at White Hall. And some of them have the last night had a word among them, and it was "Reformation and Reducement". This do make the courtiers ill at ease to see this spirit among people, though they think this matter will not come to much: but it speaks people's minds; and then they do say that there are men of understanding among them, that have been of Cromwell's army: but how true that is, I know not.
Samuel Pepys' Diary. 6th April 1668. Betimes I to Alderman Backewell (age 50), and with him to my Lord Ashly's (age 46), where did a little business about Tangier, and to talk about the business of certificates, wherein, contrary to what could be believed, the King (age 37) and Duke of York (age 34) themselves, in my absence, did call for some of the Commissioners of the Treasury, and give them directions about the business [of the certificates], which I, despairing to do any thing on a Sunday, and not thinking that they would think of it themselves, did rest satisfied, and stayed at home all yesterday, leaving it to do something in this day; but I find that the King and Duke of York had been so pressing in it, that my Lord Ashly was more forward with the doing of it this day, than I could have been. And so I to White Hall with Alderman Backewell in his coach, with Mr. Blany; my Lord's Secretary: and there did draw up a rough draught of what order I would have, and did carry it in, and had it read twice and approved of, before my Lord Ashly and three more of the Commissioners of the Treasury, and then went up to the Council-chamber, where the Duke of York, and Prince Rupert (age 48), and the rest of the Committee of the Navy were sitting: and I did get some of them to read it there: and they would have had it passed presently, but Sir John Nicholas desired they would first have it approved by a full Council: and, therefore, a Council Extraordinary was readily summoned against the afternoon, and the Duke of York run presently to the King, as if now they were really set to mind their business, which God grant! So I thence to Westminster, and walked in the Hall and up and down, the House being called over to-day, and little news, but some talk as if the agreement between France and Spain were like to be, which would be bad for us, and at noon with Sir Herbert Price (age 63) to Mr. George Montagu's (age 45) to dinner, being invited by him in the hall, and there mightily made of, even to great trouble to me to be so commended before my face, with that flattery and importunity, that I was quite troubled with it. Yet he is a fine gentleman, truly, and his lady a fine woman; and, among many sons that I saw there, there was a little daughter that is mighty pretty, of which he is infinite fond: and, after dinner, did make her play on the gittar and sing, which she did mighty prettily, and seems to have a mighty musical soul, keeping time with most excellent spirit. Here I met with Mr. Brownlow, my old schoolfellow, who come thither, I suppose, as a suitor to one of the young ladies that were there, and a sober man he seems to be. But here Mr. Montagu did tell me how Mr. Vaughan (age 64), in that very room, did say that I was a great man, and had great understanding, and I know not what, which, I confess, I was a little proud of, if I may believe him. Here I do hear, as a great secret, that the King, and Duke of York and Duchesse, and my Baroness Castlemayne (age 27), are now all agreed in a strict league, and all things like to go very current, and that it is not impossible to have my Lord Clarendon (age 59), in time, here again. But I do hear that my Baroness Castlemayne is horribly vexed at the late libell1, the petition of the poor whores about the town, whose houses were pulled down the other day. I have got one of them, but it is not very witty, but devilish severe against her and the King and I wonder how it durst be printed and spread abroad, which shews that the times are loose, and come to a great disregard of the King, or Court, or Government.
Note 1. "The Poor Whores' Petition to the most splendid, illustrious, serene and eminent Lady of Pleasure the Countess of Castlemayne, &c., signed by us, Madam Cresswell and Damaris Page, this present 25th day of March, 1668". This sham petition occasioned a pretended answer, entitled, "The Gracious Answer of the Most Illustrious Lady of Pleasure, the Countess of Castlem.... to the Poor Whores' Petition". It is signed, "Given at our Closset, in King Street, Westminster, die Veneris, April 24, 1668. Castlem...". Compare Evelyn, April 2nd, 1668.
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On 25th March 1674 Catherine Dudley died. She was buried at St Michael and All Angels Church, Lilleshall [Map]. Memorial at the Beauchamp Chapel, St Mary's Church, Warwick [Map] with the inscription: To the Memory of the Lady Katharine, late Wife of Sir Richard Levenson of Trentham in the County of Stafford, Knight of the Bath, one of the Daughters and Coheirs of Sir Robert Duddeley Knight, Son to Robert late Earl of Leicester, by Alicia his Wife, Daughter to Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneley, Knight — Baronet, created Dutchess Duddeley by King Charles the First, in regard that her said Husband leaving this Realm, had the Title of a Duke conferr'd upon him by Ferdinand the 11th Emperor of Germany, which Honourable Lady taking notice these Tombs of her noble Ancestors being much blemish'd by consuming Time, but more by the rude Hands of Impious People, were in danger of utter Ruin, by the decay of this Chapel, if not timely prevented, did in her life time give fifty Pounds for its speedy Remedy. And by her last Will and Testament. bearing Date 18th of December 1673, bequeath forty Pounds per Annum, issuing out of her Manor of Foxley in the County of Northampton, for the perpetual Support and Preservation of these Monuments, in their proper State, the Surplusage to be for the poor Bretheren of her Grandfather s HospPoital in this Borough; Appointing William Dugdale of Blythe-Hall, in this County Esq; (who represented to her the Necessity of this good Work) and his Heirs, together with the Mayor of Warwick for the Time being, to be her Trustees therein.
Catherine Dudley: she was born to Robert Dudley and Alice Leigh 1st Duchess Dudley. On 23rd July 1629 Richard Leveson and she were married. She the daughter of Robert Dudley and Alice Leigh 1st Duchess Dudley.
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1674. I dined at Knightsbridge, Kensington, with the Bishops of Salisbury, Chester (age 61), and Lincoln (age 66), my old friends.
On 25th March 1675 Christian Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway (age 28) and Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 24).
On 25th March 1675 Michael Wharton (age 27) died. He was reputed to be the richest man in England worth £15000 a year. Monument in Beverley Minster [Map]. Sculpted by Peter Scheemakers.
Michael Wharton: Around 1648 he was born to Michael Wharton and Susan Paulett. On 30th June 1666 Michael Wharton was knighted. In 1688 Michael Wharton and Lord Danby secured Kingston upon Hull [Map] for the Prince of Orange during the Glorious Revolution. In March 1689 he was appointed Lord of the Admiralty.
On 25th March 1675 Edward Brabazon 2nd Earl Meath (age 65) drowned whilst travelling from Ireland to England. His son William (age 40) succeeded 3rd Earl Meath, 4th Baron Ardee.
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1687 Good Friday. Dr. Tenison (age 50) preached at St. Martin's [Map] on 1 Peter II 24. During the service, a man came into near the middle of the church, with his sword drawn, with several others in that posture; in this jealous time it put the congregation into great confusion, but it appeared to be one who fled for sanctuary, being pursued by bailiffs.
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1691. Lord Sidney (age 42), principal Secretary of State, gave me a letter to Lord Lucas (age 41), Lieutenant of the Tower, to permit me to visit Lord Clarendon; which this day I did, and dined with him.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1694. Mr. Goode, minister of St. Martin's [Map], preached; he was likewise put in by the Queen (age 31), on the issue of her process with the Bishop of London (age 62).
John Evelyn's Diary. 25th March 1700. Dr. Burnet (age 56) preached to-day before the Lord Mayor and a very great congregation, on Proverbs xxvii. 5, 6, "Open rebuke is better than secret love; the wounds of a friend are better than the kisses of an enemy". He made a very pathetic discourse concerning the necessity and advantage of friendly correction.
Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason Volume 13. 25th March 1700. And then the Counsel withdrew, and the Committee proceeded upon the Bill clause by clause, and went throug it, and ordered the same to be reported; which was done accordingly; upon which the Bill passed.
Note 1. Henry Howard 7th Duke of Norfolk (age 45) and Mary Mordaunt Duchess Norfolk (age 41) were divorced. She married John Germain 1st Baronet (age 49) a year later.
Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries. 25th March 1719. Mr President brought an old deed of King Stephen's remarkable for the finesse of its character and largeness, dated MCXXXVII [1137] and likewise another deed of King Harry Ist's time as singlular for its minuteness and laconic style, and likewise the deed of William Albini founder of Belvoir Castle [Map], likewise the Royal Arms impressed in Rye dough which came from Hampton Court [Map].
Mr Director brought a sketch of a design of a plate to be printed as a headpiece or Emblem of the Works of the Society at the beginning of any publications, which he was ordered to to have [?]. Mr President made a Report in the name of those gentlemen who were ordered to revise Mr Samuel Gale's dissertation upon Ulphus's Horn and what alterations they hinted at, are submitted to the Author pleasure, and the work is ordered to be published and printed in a good manner in Quarto by Mr Gossin [?] at the charges of the Society with a print of the Horn before it, whereof a sufficient number are likewise ordered to be printed off. It was ordered by the Society that a manuscript of the Cotton Library being [?] Registrum Honors de Richmond with the Illuminations therein, be printed at their charges, and Mr Roger Gale (age 46) is disposed to get it transcribed, in order thereto, and the Director to have the drawings therein copied to be engraven, the whole to be done in the same form and magnitude with the original.
On 25th March 1733 Captain William Berkeley (age 34) died at sea whilst Commander of Tyger on its journey from Guinea to the West Indies. He was buried at sea. Memorial in the Church of St Mary, Bruton [Map] sculpted by Peter Scheemakers (age 42) in 1749. 
Berkeley Arms Berkeley Arms beneath.
Captain William Berkeley: Samuel Pepys' Diary. 9th November 1663. So to our discourse, and among and above other things we were taken up in talking upon Sir J. Lawson's coming home, he being come to Portsmouth, Hampshire [Map]; and Captain Berkely is come to towne with a letter from the Duana of Algier to the King, wherein they do demand again the searching of our ships and taking out of strangers, and their goods; and that what English ships are taken without the Duke's pass they will detain (though it be flat contrary to the words of the peace) as prizes, till they do hear from our King, which they advise him may be speedy. And this they did the very next day after they had received with great joy the Grand Seignor's confirmation of the Peace from Constantinople by Captain Berkely; so that there is no command nor certainty to be had of these people. The King is resolved to send his will by a fleete of ships; and it is thought best and speediest to send these very ships that are now come home, five sail of good ships, back again after cleaning, victualling, and paying them. But it is a pleasant thing to think how their Basha, Shavan Aga, did tear his hair to see the soldiers order things thus; for (just like his late predecessor) when they see the evil of war with England, then for certain they complain to the Grand Seignor of him, and cut his head off: this he is sure of, and knows as certain. Samuel Pepys' Diary. 18th November 1663. Up, and after being ready, and done a little business at the office, I and Mr. Hater by water to Redriffe [Map], and so walked to Deptford, where I have not been a very great, while, and there paid off the Milford in very good order, and all respect showed me in the office as much as there used to be to any of the rest or the whole board. That done at noon I took Captain Terne, and there coming in by chance Captain Berkeley, him also to dinner with me to the Globe. Captain Berkeley, who was lately come from Algier, did give us a good account of the place, and how the Basha there do live like a prisoner, being at the mercy of the soldiers and officers, so that there is nothing but a great confusion there. Around 1699 he was born to William Berkeley 4th Baron Berkeley and Frances Temple Baroness Berkeley.
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On 25th March 1734 Frederick William Villiers was born to William Villiers 3rd Earl Jersey (age 26) and Anne Egerton Duchess Bedford. He died aged eight in 1742.
On 25th March 1739 Prince Edward Hanover 1st Duke of York was born to Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales (age 32) and Augusta Saxe Coburg Altenburg (age 19). He a grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 25th March 1752 Carlos Fitz James Stuart 10th Duke Veragua 4th Duke Berwick was born to James Fitz James 3rd Duke Berwick 10th Duke Veragua (age 33) and Maria Teresa Silva Duchess Berwick and Veragua (age 35) at Llíria. He a great x 2 grandson of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland. He married 9th October 1771 Caroline Stolberg Gedern Duchess Veragua Duchess Berwick and had issue.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 25th March 1760 Elizabeth Laura Waldegrave Countess Waldegrave was born to James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (age 45) and Maria Walpole Duchess Gloucester and Edinburgh (age 23). She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland. She married 5th May 1782 her first cousin George Waldegrave 4th Earl Waldegrave, son of John Waldegrave 3rd Earl Waldegrave and Elizabeth Leveson-Gower Countess Waldegrave, and had issue.
On 25th March 1768 George Scott was born to Henry Scott 3rd Duke Buccleuch (age 21) and Elizabeth Montagu Duchess Buccleuch (age 24). He died aged less than one years old.
After 25th March 1775. St Asaph Cathedral [Map]. Memorial to Richard Price Thelwall.
On 25th March 1802 the United Kingdom and the French Repulic signed the Treaty of Amiens bringing to an end the War of the Second Coalition. The peace laster for fifteen months only.
The Treaty was signed by:
Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess Cornwallis (age 63), United Kingdom
Joseph Bonaparte (age 34), French Republic
José Nicolás de Azara, Spain
Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Batavian Republic
On 25th March 1807 the Slave Trade Act received Royal Assent. The Act prohibited the slave trade in the British Empire. The Bill was first introduced to Parliament in January 1807. It went to the House of Commons on 10th February 1807. After a debate lasting ten hours, the House agreed to the second reading of the bill to abolish the Atlantic slave trade by an overwhelming 283 votes for to 16. The Act took effect on 1st May 1807.
The last legal slave voyage was that of Kitty's Amelia which sailed on 27th July 1807 having received permission to sail on 27th April 1807 before the Act came into force. Kitty's Amelia arrived with 233 slaves at Jamaica 25th January 1808.
On 25th March 1807 the Oystermouth Railway Company, aka Swansea and Mumbles Railway, commenced the first Passenger Railway Service between Swansea and Oystermouth. The service was horse-drawn.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Shelley (age 18) - for he alone figures as the writer of the "little syllabus," although there can be no doubt that Hogg was his confidant and coadjutor throughout - published anonymously a pamphlet or flysheet entitled The Necessity of Atheism, which he sent round to bishops and all sorts of people as an invitation or challenge to discussion. It amounted to saying that neither reason nor testimony is adequate to establish the existence of a deity, and that nothing short of a personal individual self-revelation of the deity would be sufficient. The college authorities heard of the pamphlet, identified Shelley as its author, and summoned him before them - "our master, and two or three of the fellows." The pamphlet was produced, and Shelley was required to say whether he had written it or not. The youth declined to answer the question, and was expelled by a written sentence, ready drawn up. Hogg was next summoned, with a result practically the same. The precise details of this transaction have been much controverted; the best evidence is that which appears on the college records, showing that both Hogg and Shelley (Hogg is there named first) were expelled for "contumaciously refusing to answer questions," and for "repeatedly declining to disavow" the authorship. Thus they were dismissed as being mutineers against academic authority, in a case pregnant with the suspicion - not the proof - of atheism; but how the authorities could know beforehand that the two undergraduates would be contumacious and stiff against disavowal, so as to give warrant for written sentences ready drawn up, is nowhere explained. Possibly the sentences were worded without ground assigned, and would only have been produced in terrorem had the young men proved more malleable. The date of this incident was the 25th of March 1811.
On 25th March 1837 Maria Louisa Priscilla Fane (age 14) died.
On 29th May 1848 George Augustus Frederick John Fane (age 28) died.
On 22nd January 1851 Ernest Neville Fitzroy Fane (age 27) died. Both brothers and sister were buried at the Church of St Leonard, Apethorpe [Map].
Maria Louisa Priscilla Fane: On 24th May 1822 she was born to John Fane 11th Earl of Westmoreland and Priscilla Anne Wellesley-Pole Countess of Westmoreland.
George Augustus Frederick John Fane: On 18th June 1819 he was born to John Fane 11th Earl of Westmoreland and Priscilla Anne Wellesley-Pole Countess of Westmoreland.
Ernest Neville Fitzroy Fane: On 7th January 1824 he was born to John Fane 11th Earl of Westmoreland and Priscilla Anne Wellesley-Pole Countess of Westmoreland. Around August 1849 Ernest Neville Fitzroy Fane and Selina Lock were married. He the son of John Fane 11th Earl of Westmoreland and Priscilla Anne Wellesley-Pole Countess of Westmoreland.
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St Werburgh's Church, Hanbury [Map]. Monument to John Wilson, died 25th March 1839, leaving a widow and five infant daughters. Sculpted by Peter Hollins (age 38).
After 25th March 1840. Memorial to General Henry Fane (deceased) at St Nicholas' Church, Fulbeck.
After 25th March 1840. Memorial at St Nicholas' Church, Fulbeck to:
Panel 1: Lieutenant Nevile Fane, William Mildmay Fane, Nevile Fane (age 20), Vere Fane (age 55), Robert George Cecil Fane (age 43).
Panel 2: Reverend Edward Fane (age 56), Colonel Henry Edward Fane aka Hamlyn-Fane (age 22), Nevile Hamlyn Batson Fane, Major-General Walter Fane (age 12).
Panel 3: Edward Robert George Fane (age 20), Francis Augustus Fane (age 15), Captain Ralph Nevile Fane.
Panel 4. Captain Ralph Nevile Fane, Reverend Frederic Fane (age 14).
Panel 5. Francis Christopher Fane, Joyce Hancock.
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On 25th March 1848 Harry Mengden Scarth (age 33) was appointed Prebendary of Wells Cathedral.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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On 25th March 1849 Anthony Lechmere 1st Baronet (age 82) died. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Hanley Castle [Map]. His son Edmund (age 56) succeeded 2nd Baronet Lechmere of Rhyd in Worcestershire. Maria Clara Murray Lady Lechmere by marriage Lady Lechmere of Rhyd in Worcestershire.
The Diary of George Price Boyce 1852. 25th March 1852. With Clayton (age 24) to the R.A. to hear Leslie's 5th lecture on landscape painting, but in reality on the works of Cozens, Girtin, Constable and Turner, exquisite examples of which lined the walls. Crowded audience. Spoke to Frith. Came across J. E. Millais (age 22), only knowing him by sight. Leslie said that Constable painted almost entirely out of doors, lived in the country. Made many studies of skies (some fine ones on the walls) the sky being the key note of the picture. Gave names to the trees about him, and used to speak of a graceful ash called by him "the young lady who died of a broken heart," having had an ugly board nailed to its side with the warning "Trespassers Beware."
On 25th March 1862 Mary "May" Morris was born to William Morris (age 28) and Jane Morris nee Burden (age 22) at the Red House. She was baptised 30th May 1862 at Christ Church, Bexleyheath. She married (1) 14th June 1890 Henry Halliday Sparling.
Adeline Horsey Recollections. One fine March morning he told me that he was going to ride and see a gamekeeper who had accidentally shot himself.
He asked me and Sir Henry Edwards (age 55) to accompany him, but when we reached the keeper's cottage he told us to return to Deene [Map], saying that as he intended to sit an hour with the man he would come on later. We declared our willingness to wait, but Cardigan would not hear of it, and so we somewhat reluctantly rode home without him.
The luncheon hour arrived, but Lord Cardigan did not come; the afternoon dragged on, and still there were no signs of him. I had a horrible presentment that something must have happened, and at once ordered some of the servants to go in search of his Lordship.
My fears were only too well grounded; my husband was found lying insensible on the roadside, nearly lifeless. A roadmender told us afterwards that Lord Cardigan had passed him and spoken a few words and seemed apparently quite well; the horse he was riding shied at a heap of stones and commenced to rear and plunge rather wildly, but my husband kept the animal well under control, for the roadmender saw him ride quietly away. The effort must, however, have afterwards brought on a seizure, for Cardigan fell from his horse, and lay helpless until he was found and brought back to Deene [Map].
For three dreadful days and nights he lay quite unconscious, gasping for breath, and the knowledge that he could not speak to me and did not recognise me intensified my grief a thousandfold. But mercifully his suffering was not prolonged, and on March 28, 1868, my beloved husband passed away.
There are some griefs that are too deep to speak of, even after Time's soothing touch has taken away the first deadly pain of a great sorrow. When I look back and remember the kindness and love which my husband lavished on me, I feel proud to think he often said that the happiest period of his life was after he married me, and that his great possessions and military fame were as nothing compared to the wife he adored.
Lord Cardigan's body lay in state in the ballroom at Deene [Map] for twelve days, during which time six thousand people came to look their last at the remains of the leader of the Charge of the Light Brigade. On April 9 he was buried in Deene Church [Map]; the whole regiment of the 11th Hussars attended the funeral, and he was carried to his last resting-place by eight of his old officers.
When the will was read, it was found that he had left everything to me.
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On 25th March 1875 Katharine Mary Montagu-Douglas-Scott was born to William Scott 6th Duke Buccleuch 8th Duke Queensberry (age 43) and Louisa Jane Hamilton Duchess Buccleuch and Queensbury (age 38). She married 29th April 1899 her third cousin once removed Thomas Brand 3rd Viscount Hampden, son of Henry Brand 2nd Viscount Hampden and Susan Henrietta Cavendish Viscountess Hampden, and had issue.
On 25th March 1877 Beatrix Petty-Fitzmaurice Duchess St Albans was born to Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 5th Marquess Lansdowne (age 32) and Maud Evelyn Hamilton Marchioness Lansdowne (age 27). She married (1) 16th October 1897 her fifth cousin Henry de la Poer Beresford 6th Marquess Waterford, son of John Beresford 5th Marquess Waterford and Blanche Somerset Marchioness of Waterford, and had issue (2) 19th August 1918 her half sixth cousin Osborne De Vere Beauclerk 12th Duke St Albans, son of William Amelius Aubrey Beauclerk 10th Duke St Albans and Grace Bernal Duchess St Albans.
On 25th March 1915 George William Hanover was born to Ernest Augustus Hanover Duke Brunswick (age 27) and Viktoria Luise Hohenzollern Duchess Brunswick (age 22). He a great x 2 grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He married 1946 his second cousin Sophie Glücksburg.
On 25th March 1920 Bishop Edgar Jacob (age 75) died at the Hospital of St Cross, Winchester [Map]. Memorial at the Cathedral Church St Nicholas, Newcastle upon Tyne [Map].
On 25th March 1945 Basil Sheridan Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood 4th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (age 35) was killed in action. Lord Dufferin was serving with the Indian Field Broadcasting Unit on when he was filmed demanding the surrender of Japanese troops who were sheltered in a tunnel; the film captured Lord Dufferin's death when a Japanese mortar shell landed on the unit. His son Sheriden (age 6) succeeded 5th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, 5th Earl of Ava in County Down and Burma, 5th Earl of Dufferin in County Down, 5th Viscount Dufferin of Claneboye in County Down, 5th Baron Claneboye of Claneboye in County Down, 9th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye of Ballyleidy and Killyleagh in County Down, 9th Baronet Blackwood of Killyleagh in County Down. Maureen Constance Guinness Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (age 38) by marriage Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Chronicle of Roger de Hoveden. [25th March 1994] On the same day, Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, arrived there and had his cross carried before him. However, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, did not have his cross carried before him. Instead, he complained to the king about the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had ordered his cross to be carried within the diocese of York. When the Archbishop of Canterbury heard this and saw that the Archbishop of York had not carried his own cross, he said: "I carry my cross throughout all of England, and I have the right to carry it, as I am the Primate of all England. But you do not carry your cross, and perhaps you do not even have the right to carry it. Therefore, in this matter, I appeal to the Lord Pope."
Eodem die venit illuc Hubertus Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, et crucem suam ante se portari fecit. Gaufridus vero Eboracensis archiepiscopus crucem suam non portavit; sed conquestus est regi de archiepiscopo, qui crucem suam portare fecit in Eboracensi diocesi. Quod cum Cantuariensis archiepiscopus audisset, et vidisset quod Eboracensis archiepiscopus crucem suam non portasset, dixit, "Ego crucem meam per totam Angliam porto, et portare debeo, sicut totius Angliæ primas; tu autem crucem tuam non portas, et forsitan portare non debes: et ideo rebus sic existentibus appello ad dominum papam."
On 25th March 1157 Alfonso II King Aragon was born to Raymond V Count Barcelona (age 43) and Petronilla Jiménez Queen Aragon (age 20) at Huesca. He married his half third cousin once removed Sancha Ivrea Queen Consort Aragon, daughter of Alfonso VII King Castile VII King Leon and Richeza Unknown Queen Consort Castile Queen Consort Leon, and had issue.
On 25th March 1251 Hugh Courtenay 3rd Baron Okehampton was born to John Courtenay 2nd Baron Okehampton (age 26) and Isabel Vere Baroness Okehampton (age 29) at Okehampton, Devon. He married before 14th September 1276 his half fifth cousin Eleanor Despencer Baroness Okehampton, daughter of Hugh Despencer and Aline Basset, and had issue.
On 25th March 1273 Henry Percy 9th and 1st Baron Percy was born to Henry Percy 7th Baron Percy Topcliffe and Eleanor Warenne Baroness Percy Topcliffe at Petworth. He married 1293 his third cousin once removed Eleanor Fitzalan Baroness Percy, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 1st or 8th Earl of Arundel and Alice Saluzzo Countess Arundel, and had issue.
On 25th March 1309 Robert Ferrers 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley was born to John Ferrers 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley (age 37) and Hawise Muscegros Baroness Ferrers Chartley. He married (1) before 20th October 1333 Margaret Unknown Baroness Ferrers Chartley and had issue (2) in or before 1341 Joan Mote Baroness Ferrers Chartley and had issue.
On 25th March 1341 Humphrey Bohun 7th Earl Hereford 6th Earl Essex 2nd Earl of Northampton was born to William Bohun 1st Earl of Northampton (age 31) and Elizabeth Badlesmere Countess Northampton (age 28). He a great grandson of King Edward I of England. He married his third cousin Joan Fitzalan Countess Essex, Hereford and Northampton, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey and Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey, and had issue.
On 25th March 1414 Thomas Clifford 8th Baron Clifford was born to John Clifford 7th Baron Clifford (age 25) and Elizabeth Percy Countess of Westmoreland (age 19). He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward III of England. He married after March 1424 his third cousin Joan Dacre Baroness Clifford, daughter of Thomas Dacre 6th Baron Dacre Gilsland and Philippa Neville Baroness Dacre of Gilsland, and had issue.
On 25th March 1505 Elizabeth Grey Countess Devon was born to John Grey 2nd Viscount Lisle and Muriel Howard Viscountess Lisle (age 20). Elizabeth Grey Countess Devon succeeded posthumously 5th Baroness Lisle. She married after June 1515 her fifth cousin once removed Henry Courtenay 1st Marquess Exeter, son of William Courtenay 1st Earl Devon and Catherine York Countess Devon.
On 25th March 1533 Philip Aviz was born to John III King Portugal (age 30) and Catherine of Austria Queen Consort Portugal (age 26). Coefficient of inbreeding 11.30%. He died aged six in 1539.
On 25th March 1545 John "Younger" Oldenburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg was born to Christian III King of Denmark (age 41) and Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 33).. He married (1) 19th August 1568 his sixth cousin Elisabeth of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and had issue (2) 14th February 1588 Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt and had issue.
On 25th March 1570 Henry Lennard 12th Baron Dacre Gilsland was born to Samson Lennard Baron Dacre Gilsland (age 26) and Margaret Fiennes 11th Baroness Dacre of Gilsland (age 29). He married 1589 Chrysogona Baker Baroness Dacre Gilsland and had issue.
On 25th March 1614 Juan Carreño de Miranda was born.
On 25th March 1619 Anne Clarges Duchess Albermarle was born to John Clarges . She married 23rd January 1653 George Monck 1st Duke Albemarle and had issue.
On 25th March 1619 Bishop Peter Mews was born.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 25th March 1625 Anne Harrison Lady Fanshawe was born to John Harrison (age 35). She married 18th May 1644 Richard Fanshawe 1st Baronet and had issue.
On 25th March 1629 John Northcote was born to John Northcote 1st Baronet (age 30) and Grace Halswell. He married 25th January 1660 Catherine Foljambe and had issue.
On 25th March 1642 Anna Maria Brudenell Countess Shrewsbury and Waterford was born to Robert Brudenell 2nd Earl Cardigan (age 35) and Anna Savage Countess Cardigan. She married (1) before 24th July 1660 her third cousin once removed Francis Talbot 11th Earl of Shrewsbury, son of John Talbot 10th Earl of Shrewsbury and Mary Fortescue Countess Shrewsbury and Waterford, and had issue (2) before 24th June 1677 her fifth cousin once removed George Rodney Brydges and had issue.
On 25th March 1650 Richard Cox 1st Baronet was born. He married 26th February 1674 Mary Bourne and had issue.
On 25th March 1675 Christian Oldenburg was born to Christian V King of Denmark and Norway (age 28) and Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 24).
On 25th March 1706 Charles Graham 3rd Viscount Preston was born to Edward Graham 2nd Viscount Preston (age 27).
On 25th March 1724 Henry Hunloke 4th Baronet was born to Thomas Windsor Hunloke 3rd Baronet (age 41) and Charlotte Throckmorton Lady Hunloke (age 26). He married 21st December 1769 Margaret Coke Lady Hunloke and had issue.
On 25th March 1734 Frederick William Villiers was born to William Villiers 3rd Earl Jersey (age 26) and Anne Egerton Duchess Bedford. He died aged eight in 1742.
On 25th March 1734 James Agar aka Agar-Ellis 1st Viscount Clifden was born to Henry Agar (age 32) and Anne Ellis (age 26) probably at Gowran Castle, Gowran, County Kilkenny.
On 25th March 1739 Prince Edward Hanover 1st Duke of York was born to Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales (age 32) and Augusta Saxe Coburg Altenburg (age 19). He a grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 25 or 30th March 1750 Jane Tollemache was born to Lionel Tollemache 4th Earl Dysart (age 41) and Grace Carteret Countess Dysart (age 36). She married in or before 1772 Major John Delap-Halliday and had issue.
On 25th March 1752 Carlos Fitz James Stuart 10th Duke Veragua 4th Duke Berwick was born to James Fitz James 3rd Duke Berwick 10th Duke Veragua (age 33) and Maria Teresa Silva Duchess Berwick and Veragua (age 35) at Llíria. He a great x 2 grandson of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland. He married 9th October 1771 Caroline Stolberg Gedern Duchess Veragua Duchess Berwick and had issue.
On 25th March 1760 Elizabeth Laura Waldegrave Countess Waldegrave was born to James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (age 45) and Maria Walpole Duchess Gloucester and Edinburgh (age 23). She a great x 2 granddaughter of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland. She married 5th May 1782 her first cousin George Waldegrave 4th Earl Waldegrave, son of John Waldegrave 3rd Earl Waldegrave and Elizabeth Leveson-Gower Countess Waldegrave, and had issue.
On 25th March 1760 Louisa Thynne Countess Aylesford was born to Thomas Thynne 1st Marquess of Bath (age 25) and Elizabeth Bentinck Marchioness Bath (age 24). She married 18th November 1781 Heneage Finch 4th Earl Aylesford, son of Heneage Finch 3rd Earl Aylesford and Charlotte Seymour Countess Aylesford, and had issue.
On 25th March 1762 Egerton Leigh 2nd Baronet was born to Egerton Leigh 1st Baronet (age 28). He married 13th May 1788 Theodosia Anna Maria Boughton.
On 25th March 1768 George Scott was born to Henry Scott 3rd Duke Buccleuch (age 21) and Elizabeth Montagu Duchess Buccleuch (age 24). He died aged less than one years old.
On 25th March 1772 George Greville was born to George Greville 2nd Earl Warwick and Brooke (age 25) and Georgiana Peachey. His mother died from childbirth a few days later on 3rd April 1772. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 25th March 1774 Thomas Brand 20th Baron Dacre 19th Baron Multon was born to Thomas Brand Baron Dacre (age 24) and Gertrude Trevor Roper 19th Baroness Dacre of Gilsland (age 23). He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
On 25th March 1782 William Boothby 8th Baronet was born to William Boothby 7th Baronet (age 36). He married 29th January 1805 Frances Jenkinson Lady Boothby and had issue.
On 25th March 1796 William Feilding 6th Earl Desmond 7th Earl Denbigh was born to William Feilding (age 35) and Anne Catherine Powys at Berwick House, Shrewsbury. He married 8th May 1822 Mary Elizabeth Kitty Moreton Countess Desmond and Denbigh, daughter of Thomas Reynolds-Moreton 1st Earl Ducie and Frances Herbert Baroness Ducie Tortworth, and had issue.
On 25th March 1801 Louisa Thynne Countess Harewood was born to Thomas Thynne 2nd Marquess of Bath (age 36) and Isabella Elizabeth Byng Marchioness Bath (age 27). She married 5th July 1823 Henry Lascelles 3rd Earl Harewood, son of Henry Lascelles 2nd Earl Harewood and Henrietta Sebright Countess Harewood, and had issue.
On 25th March 1806 William Nigel Gresley 9th Baronet was born to Reverend William Gresley of Seale, Leicestershire (age 46) and Louisa Jane Gresley. He married 25th March 1831 Georgina-Anne Reid and had issue.
On 25th March 1807 James Harris 3rd Earl Malmesbury was born to James Edward Harris 2nd Earl Malmesbury (age 28) and Harriet Susan Dashwood (age 24). He married 13th May 1830 Corisande Emma Bennet Countess Malmesbury, daughter of Charles Augustus Bennet 5th Earl Tankerville and Corisande Armandine Sophie Léonie Hélène Gramont Countess Tankerville.
On 25th March 1807 Augustus Almeric Spencer was born to Francis Almeric Spencer 1st Baron Churchill (age 27) and Frances Fitzroy Baroness Churchill Wychwood (age 26). Coefficient of inbreeding 1.63%.
On 25th March 1809 William Miller 1st Baronet was born.
On 25th March 1816 George Byng Morris was born to John Morris 2nd Baronet (age 40) and Lucy Juliana Byng Lady Morris (age 25).
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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On 25th March 1824 William Wells Addington 3rd Viscount Sidmouth was born to William Leonard Addington 2nd Viscount Sidmouth (age 29). He married 29th September 1848 his first cousin Georgiana Susan Pellew Viscountess Sidmouth.
On 25th March 1846 Walter Henry James 2nd Baron Northbourne was born to Walter Charles James 1st Baron Northbourne (age 29) and Sarah Caroline Ellison. He married 25th August 1868 Edith Emeline Mary Lane Baroness Northbourne and had issue.
On 25th March 1848 Henry Michael Hawley 5th Baronet was born to Reverend Henry Charles Hawley (age 24) and Mary Elizabeth Cusack-Smith.
On 25th March 1850 Mary Dorothea Palmer Countess Waldegrave was born to Roundell Palmer 1st Earl Selborne (age 37) and Laura Waldegrave Countess Selborne (age 28). She married 5th August 1874 her half first cousin William Frederick Waldegrave 9th Earl Waldegrave and had issue.
On 25th March 1855 Sibell Mary Lumley was born to Richard Lumley 9th Earl Scarborough (age 41) and Adeliza Drummond Countess Scarborough. She married (1) before 19th March 1879 her third cousin Victor Alexander Grosvenor, son of Hugh Lupus Grosvenor 1st Duke Westminster and Constance Leveson-Gower Duchess Westminster, and had issue (2) 1887 her half fifth cousin George Wyndham and had issue.
On 25th March 1862 Mary "May" Morris was born to William Morris (age 28) and Jane Morris nee Burden (age 22) at the Red House. She was baptised 30th May 1862 at Christ Church, Bexleyheath. She married (1) 14th June 1890 Henry Halliday Sparling.
On 25th March 1875 Katharine Mary Montagu-Douglas-Scott was born to William Scott 6th Duke Buccleuch 8th Duke Queensberry (age 43) and Louisa Jane Hamilton Duchess Buccleuch and Queensbury (age 38). She married 29th April 1899 her third cousin once removed Thomas Brand 3rd Viscount Hampden, son of Henry Brand 2nd Viscount Hampden and Susan Henrietta Cavendish Viscountess Hampden, and had issue.
On 25th March 1877 Mary Agnes Emily Wood Baroness Bingley was born to Charles Lindley Wood 2nd Viscount Halifax (age 38) and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Viscountess Halifax (age 38). She married 17th March 1905 George Lane-Fox 1st Baron Bingley and had issue.
On 25th March 1877 Beatrix Petty-Fitzmaurice Duchess St Albans was born to Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 5th Marquess Lansdowne (age 32) and Maud Evelyn Hamilton Marchioness Lansdowne (age 27). She married (1) 16th October 1897 her fifth cousin Henry de la Poer Beresford 6th Marquess Waterford, son of John Beresford 5th Marquess Waterford and Blanche Somerset Marchioness of Waterford, and had issue (2) 19th August 1918 her half sixth cousin Osborne De Vere Beauclerk 12th Duke St Albans, son of William Amelius Aubrey Beauclerk 10th Duke St Albans and Grace Bernal Duchess St Albans.
On 25th March 1881 William Thomas Payne-Gallwey was born to Ralph Frankland-Payne-Gallwey 3rd Baronet (age 32).
On 25th March 1888 William Lever 2nd Viscount Leverhulme was born to William Lever 1st Viscount Leverhulme (age 36) and Elizabeth Ellen Hulme Lady Lever (age 37). He married (1) 13th April 1912 Marion Beatrice Smith Viscountess Leverhulme (2) 20th January 1937 Winifred Agnes Lloyd Viscountess Leverhulme.
On 25th March 1893 Vere Fane 14th Earl of Westmoreland was born to Anthony Fane 13th Earl of Westmoreland (age 33) and Sybil Mary St Clair-Erskine Countess of Westmorland (age 21). He married 1923 Diana Lister Countess of Westmoreland, daughter of Thomas Lister 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Charlotte Monckton "Charty" Tennant, and had issue.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
Available at Amazon in eBook and Paperback format.
On 25th March 1904 Edward Jessel 2nd Baronet Jessel was born to Herbet Merton Jessel 1st Baron Jessel (age 37). He married 1935 Helen Maglona Vane-Tempest-Stewart, daughter of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart 7th Marquess of Londonderry and Edith Chaplin Marchioness Londonderry.
On 25th March 1915 Mabel Jocelyn was born to Robert Jocelyn 8th Earl Roden (age 31) and Elinor Jessie Parr Countess Roden. She married (1) 21st July 1937 Richard Neville Brooke 10th Baronet, son of Richard Christopher Brooke 9th Baronet, and had issue.
On 25th March 1915 George William Hanover was born to Ernest Augustus Hanover Duke Brunswick (age 27) and Viktoria Luise Hohenzollern Duchess Brunswick (age 22). He a great x 2 grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He married 1946 his second cousin Sophie Glücksburg.
On 25th March 1919 Harold Tennyson 4th Baron Tennyson was born to Major Lionel Hallam Tennyson 3rd Baron Tennyson (age 29) and Clarissa Madeline Tennant Baroness Tennyson (age 22).
On 25th March 1921 Mary Elizabeth "Mairi" Bury Vane-Tempest-Stewart was born to Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart 7th Marquess of Londonderry (age 42) and Edith Chaplin Marchioness Londonderry (age 42). She married 10th December 1940 Derek Keppel, son of Walter Keppel 9th Earl Albermarle and Judith Sydney Myee Wynn-Carington, and had issue.
On 25th March 1937 Robert Keith Rous 6th Earl of Stradbroke was born to William Keith Rous 5th Earl of Stradbroke (age 30).
On 25th March 1941 Serena Belinda Rosemary Guinness Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava was born to Group Captain Thomas Loel Evelyn Bulkeley Guinness (age 34) and Isabel Violet Kathleen Manners (age 23). She married 21st October 1964 her half fourth cousin Sheriden Frederick Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood 5th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, son of Basil Sheridan Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood 4th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava and Maureen Constance Guinness Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava.
On 25th March 1963 Philip Charles Howard was born to Charles James Ruthven Howard 12th Earl Carlisle (age 40) and Ela Helen Aline Beaumont Countess Carlisle (age 37).
Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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On 25th March 1349 John Mowbray 4th Baron Mowbray Baron Segrave (age 8) and Elizabeth Segrave 5th Baroness Segrave Baroness Mowbray (age 10) were married. She by marriage Baroness Mowbray. He by marriage Baron Segrave. She the daughter of John Segrave 4th Baron Segrave (age 33) and Margaret Plantagenet 1st Duchess of Norfolk. They were third cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great granddaughter of King Edward I of England.
On 25th March 1669 Robert Maxwell 4th Earl Nithsdale (age 41) and Lucy Douglas Countess Nithsdale (age 25) were married. She the daughter of William Douglas 1st Marquess Douglas and Mary Gordon Marchioness Douglas (age 69). He the son of John Maxwell 3rd Earl Nithsdale (age 64). They were fourth cousins.
On 25th March 1795 Robert Jenkinson 2nd Earl Liverpool (age 24) and Louisa Theodosia Hervey Countess Liverpool (age 28) were married at Wimbledon, Surrey. She the daughter of Frederick Augustus Hervey 4th Earl Bristol (age 64) and Elizabeth Davers Countess Bristol (age 62). He the son of Charles Jenkinson 1st Earl Liverpool (age 65) and Amelia Watts.
On 25th March 1800 Thomas Lyon Bowes 11th Earl Strathmore and Kinghorne (age 26) and Mary Louisa Elizabeth Rodney Carpenter (age 17) were married. He the son of John Lyon 9th Earl Strathmore and Kinghorne and Mary Bowes Countess Strathmore (age 51).
On 25th March 1831 William Nigel Gresley 9th Baronet (age 25) and Georgina-Anne Reid were married.
On 25th March 1902 Christopher Addison 1st Viscount Addison (age 33) and Isobel Gray were married.
On 25th March 1914 Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry Trollope 2nd Baron Kesteven (age 62) and Amy Myddelton Peacock were married.
On 25th March 1051 Hugh Maine IV Count Maine (age 31) died. His son Herbert succeeded II Count Maine.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 25th March 1223 Alfonso "Fat" II King Portugal (age 37) died at Coimbra. His son Sancho (age 13) succeeded II King Portugal.
On 25th March 1314 Alan Zouche 1st Baron Zouche Ashby (age 46) died. Baron Zouche Ashby abeyant between his three daughters Ellen Zouche, Maud Zouche Baroness Holand and Elizabeth Zouche.
On 3rd February 1388 the Merciless Parliament commenced. It ended on 4th June 1388. Its primary function was to prosecute members of the Court of King Richard II of England (age 21). The term "Merciless" is contemporary having been coined by the chronicler Henry Knighton.
Michael de la Pole 1st Earl Suffolk (age 58) was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered in his absence. He had escaped to France.
Archbishop Alexander Neville (age 47) was found guilty of treason and it was determined to imprison him for life in Rochester Castle, Kent [Map]. He fled to Louvain [Map] where he became a parish priest for the remainder of his life.
On 19th February 1388 Robert Tresilian was hanged naked and his throat cut. See Chronicle of Adam of Usk.
On 25th March 1388 Nicholas Brembre was hanged. He was buried at Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map].
On 5th May 1388 Simon Burley (age 48) was executed despite the protestations of his friend Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York (age 46). See Chronicle of Adam of Usk.
On 12th May 1388 John Beauchamp 1st Baron Beauchamp (age 69) was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Worcester Cathedral [Map]. Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster forfeit.
Robert de Vere 1st Duke Ireland (age 26) was attainted.
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On 25th March 1478 Thomas Fitzgerald 7th Earl of Kildare (age 57) died. His son Gerald (age 22) succeeded 8th Earl Kildare.
On 25th March 1537 Charles Bourbon Duke Vendôme (age 47) died. His son Antoine (age 18) succeeded Duke Vendôme.
On 25th March 1577 Louis III de La Tremoille 1st Duke Thouars (age 56) died. His son Claude (age 11) succeeded 2nd Duke Thouars.
On 25th March 1586 Margaret Clitherow née Middleton (age 30) was crushed to death near the Toll Booth on Ouse Bridge, York for refusing to enter a plea to the charge of harbouring Catholic priests.
On 25th March 1609 Johann Wilhelm La Marck Duke Cleves (age 46) died.
On 25th March 1648 Audrey Poyntz Lady Littleton (age 56) died. She was buried at North Ockendon, Essex.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 25th March 1650 Archbishop John Williams (age 68) died of quinsy.
On 25th March 1667 Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl Cleveland (age 76) died. Earl Cleveland extinct. His granddaughter Henrietta (age 6) de jure 10th Baroness Despencer.
On 25th March 1675 Michael Wharton (age 27) died. He was reputed to be the richest man in England worth £15000 a year. Monument in Beverley Minster [Map]. Sculpted by Peter Scheemakers.
Michael Wharton: Around 1648 he was born to Michael Wharton and Susan Paulett. On 30th June 1666 Michael Wharton was knighted. In 1688 Michael Wharton and Lord Danby secured Kingston upon Hull [Map] for the Prince of Orange during the Glorious Revolution. In March 1689 he was appointed Lord of the Admiralty.
On 25th March 1675 Edward Brabazon 2nd Earl Meath (age 65) drowned whilst travelling from Ireland to England. His son William (age 40) succeeded 3rd Earl Meath, 4th Baron Ardee.
On 25th March 1733 Captain William Berkeley (age 34) died at sea whilst Commander of Tyger on its journey from Guinea to the West Indies. He was buried at sea. Memorial in the Church of St Mary, Bruton [Map] sculpted by Peter Scheemakers (age 42) in 1749. Berkeley Arms Berkeley Arms beneath.
Captain William Berkeley: Samuel Pepys' Diary. 9th November 1663. So to our discourse, and among and above other things we were taken up in talking upon Sir J. Lawson's coming home, he being come to Portsmouth, Hampshire [Map]; and Captain Berkely is come to towne with a letter from the Duana of Algier to the King, wherein they do demand again the searching of our ships and taking out of strangers, and their goods; and that what English ships are taken without the Duke's pass they will detain (though it be flat contrary to the words of the peace) as prizes, till they do hear from our King, which they advise him may be speedy. And this they did the very next day after they had received with great joy the Grand Seignor's confirmation of the Peace from Constantinople by Captain Berkely; so that there is no command nor certainty to be had of these people. The King is resolved to send his will by a fleete of ships; and it is thought best and speediest to send these very ships that are now come home, five sail of good ships, back again after cleaning, victualling, and paying them. But it is a pleasant thing to think how their Basha, Shavan Aga, did tear his hair to see the soldiers order things thus; for (just like his late predecessor) when they see the evil of war with England, then for certain they complain to the Grand Seignor of him, and cut his head off: this he is sure of, and knows as certain. Samuel Pepys' Diary. 18th November 1663. Up, and after being ready, and done a little business at the office, I and Mr. Hater by water to Redriffe [Map], and so walked to Deptford, where I have not been a very great, while, and there paid off the Milford in very good order, and all respect showed me in the office as much as there used to be to any of the rest or the whole board. That done at noon I took Captain Terne, and there coming in by chance Captain Berkeley, him also to dinner with me to the Globe. Captain Berkeley, who was lately come from Algier, did give us a good account of the place, and how the Basha there do live like a prisoner, being at the mercy of the soldiers and officers, so that there is nothing but a great confusion there. Around 1699 he was born to William Berkeley 4th Baron Berkeley and Frances Temple Baroness Berkeley.
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On 25th March 1774 Reverend Spencer Cowper (age 62) died.
On 25th March 1782 Frances Clack Countess Devon died.
On 25th March 1794 Hercules Langford Rowley Viscount Langford (age 80) died.
On 25th March 1826 Bishop Shute Barrington (age 91) died in Soho. He was buried in St John the Baptist's Church, Mongewell Park, Wallingford.
On 25th March 1832 Harriet Molyneux Lady Phillipps (age 36) died.
On 25th March 1838 Robert Wilson 9th Baron Berners (age 77) died. Baron Berners abeyant. The abeyance was terminated in favour of his younger brother Reverend Henry Wilson 10th Baron Berners (age 75) by Royal Warrant dated 2 Apr 1838.
On 25th March 1849 Anthony Lechmere 1st Baronet (age 82) died. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Hanley Castle [Map]. His son Edmund (age 56) succeeded 2nd Baronet Lechmere of Rhyd in Worcestershire. Maria Clara Murray Lady Lechmere by marriage Lady Lechmere of Rhyd in Worcestershire.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 25th March 1855 William Mordaunt Sturt Milner 4th Baronet (age 75) died. His son William (age 34) succeeded 5th Baronet Milner of Nun Appleton Hall in Yorkshire. Georgiana Anne Lumley Lady Milner by marriage Lady Milner of Nun Appleton Hall in Yorkshire.
On 25th March 1864 William Leonard Addington 2nd Viscount Sidmouth (age 69) died. His son William (age 40) succeeded 3rd Viscount Sidmouth. Georgiana Susan Pellew Viscountess Sidmouth (age 34) by marriage Viscountess Sidmouth.
On 25th March 1872 Algernon William Peyton 4th Baronet (age 38) died. His first cousin once removed Thomas (age 54) succeeded 5th Baronet Peyton of Doddington.
On 25th March 1892 Andrew Agnew 8th Baronet (age 74) died. His son Andrew (age 41) succeeded 9th Baronet Agnew of Lochnaw in Wigtownshire. Gertrude Vernon Lady Agnew (age 27) by marriage Lady Agnew of Lochnaw in Wigtownshire.
On 25th March 1906 Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame 9th Baronet (age 75) died. His son Charles (age 41) succeeded 10th Baronet Buckworth-Herne-Soame of Sheen in Surrey.
On 25th March 1913 Garnet Wolseley 1st Viscount Wolseley (age 79) died. His daughter Frances (age 40) succeeded 2nd Viscountess Wolseley of Wolseley in Staffordshire. Baron Wolseley of Cairo and Wolseley in Staffordshire extinct.
On 25th March 1919 Colonel Simon Macdonald Lockhart (age 70) died. Baronet Lockhart of Less and Carwath extinct.
On 25th March 1920 Bishop Edgar Jacob (age 75) died at the Hospital of St Cross, Winchester [Map]. Memorial at the Cathedral Church St Nicholas, Newcastle upon Tyne [Map].
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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On 25th March 1925 Charles Spencer Boyle 10th Earl Cork (age 63) died without issue. His brother Robert (age 60) succeeded 11th Earl Cork.
On 25th March 1928 Elizabeth Harriet Grosvenor Marchioness Ormonde (age 71) died.
On 25th March 1941 Alberta Louise Edgcumbe Baroness Roborough (age 80) died.
On 25th March 1945 Basil Sheridan Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood 4th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (age 35) was killed in action. Lord Dufferin was serving with the Indian Field Broadcasting Unit on when he was filmed demanding the surrender of Japanese troops who were sheltered in a tunnel; the film captured Lord Dufferin's death when a Japanese mortar shell landed on the unit. His son Sheriden (age 6) succeeded 5th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, 5th Earl of Ava in County Down and Burma, 5th Earl of Dufferin in County Down, 5th Viscount Dufferin of Claneboye in County Down, 5th Baron Claneboye of Claneboye in County Down, 9th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye of Ballyleidy and Killyleagh in County Down, 9th Baronet Blackwood of Killyleagh in County Down. Maureen Constance Guinness Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (age 38) by marriage Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava.
On 25th March 1947 Henry Hugh Hoare 6th Baronet (age 81) died. His second cousin twice removed Peter (age 48) succeeded 7th Baronet Hoare of Barn Elms in Surrey. Laura Ray Esplen Lady Hoare by marriage Lady Hoare of Barn Elms in Surrey. He and his wife Alda Weston died on the same day within six hours of each other; it isn't clear who died first.
On 25th March 1947 Alda Weston died. She and her husband Henry Hugh Hoare 6th Baronet (age 81) on the same day died within six hours of each other; it isn't clear who died first.
On 25th March 1961 Anthony Ashley-Cooper 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (age 91) died. His grandson Anthony (age 22) succeeded 10th Earl Shaftesbury, 10th Baron Ashley of Wimborne St Giles, 11th Baronet Cooper of Rockbourne in Southampton.
On 25th March 1995 Anne Dorothy Wood Countess Feversham (age 84) died.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 25th March 2011 Thady Wyndham-Quin 7th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl (age 71) died. Earl Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Viscount Mount Earl, Baron Adare, Baron Kenry of Kenry in County Limerick extinct.